Difference between revisions of "Comparing "bu" and "mei""
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| − | {{Grammar Box}} | + | {{Grammar Box}} |
| − | Both [[不|不 (bù)]] and [[没|没 (méi)]] can be placed in front of a verb or adjective to negate its meaning. However, 不 and 没 are not usually interchangeable, so it's important to learn when you must use 不 as opposed to 没, and vice versa. | + | Both [[不|不 (bù)]] and [[没|没 (méi)]] can be placed in front of a verb or adjective to negate its meaning. However, 不 (bù) and 没 (méi) are not usually interchangeable, so it's important to learn when you must use 不 (bù) as opposed to 没 (méi), and vice versa. |
| − | == 不 | + | == 不 (bù) Negates in the Present and Future == |
| − | 不 is generally used to negate an action that you ''do not want to do'' or ''do not intend to do'' (in the future). So expressing things like "I don't want to go" or "I'm not going" would be uses of 不. | + | 不 (bù) is generally used to negate an action that you ''do not want to do'' or ''do not intend to do'' (in the future). So expressing things like "I don't want to go" or "I'm not going" would be uses of 不 (bù). |
===Structure=== | ===Structure=== | ||
<div class="jiegou"> | <div class="jiegou"> | ||
| − | + | Subj. + 不 + Verb | |
</div> | </div> | ||
| − | ===Examples=== | + | === Examples === |
| − | Whether it's "don't wanna do it" or "not gonna do it," use 不: | + | Whether it's "don't wanna do it" or "not gonna do it," use 不 (bù): |
<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
| − | *我 今天 晚上 <em>不</em> 吃 | + | |
| − | * | + | * 我 今天 晚上 <em>不</em> 喝酒。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān wǎnshang <em>bù</em> hējiǔ.</span><span class="trans">Tonight I'm not going to drink.</span> |
| − | * | + | * 爸爸 <em>不</em> 回来 吃 晚饭。<span class="pinyin">Bàba <em>bù</em> huílái chī wǎnfàn.</span><span class="trans">Dad is not coming back to eat dinner.</span> |
| − | * | + | * 老板 明天 <em>不</em> 来 。<span class="pinyin">Lǎobǎn míngtiān <em>bù</em> lái.</span><span class="trans">The boss won't come tomorrow.</span> |
| + | * 我 知道 这 个 周末 <em>不</em> 下雨。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ zhīdào zhège zhōumò <em>bù</em> xiàyǔ.</span><span class="trans">I know it's not going to rain this weekend.</span> | ||
| + | * 你 女朋友 <em>不</em> 跟 你 一起 去 吗？<span class="pinyin">Nǐ nǚpéngyou <em>bù</em> gēn nǐ yīqǐ qù ma? </span><span class="trans">Is your girlfriend not going with you? </span> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
| − | == 不 | + | == 不 (bù) Negates Habitual Actions == |
| − | 不 can be used to negate habitual actions, to express what you just aren't in the habit of doing, such as eating meat, or watching TV, or drinking alcohol. This is simply done by placing 不 in front of the verb. | + | |
| + | 不 (bù) can be used to negate habitual actions, to express what you just aren't in the habit of doing, such as eating meat, or watching TV, or drinking alcohol. This is simply done by placing 不 (bù) in front of the verb. | ||
===Structure=== | ===Structure=== | ||
| + | |||
<div class="jiegou"> | <div class="jiegou"> | ||
| − | + | Subj. + 不 + Verb + Obj. | |
</div> | </div> | ||
===Examples=== | ===Examples=== | ||
| + | |||
<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
| − | * 我 <em>不</em> 吃 肉。 | + | * 我 <em>不</em> 吃 肉。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ <em>bù</em> chī ròu.</span><span class="trans">I don't eat meat.</span> |
| − | * | + | * 你们 都 <em>不</em> 喝酒 吗？<span class="pinyin">Nǐmen dōu <em>bù</em> hējiǔ ma?</span><span class="trans">Do you all not drink alcohol?</span> |
| − | * | + | * 他 <em>不</em> 喜欢 说话。<span class="pinyin">Tā <em>bù</em> xǐhuan shuōhuà.</span><span class="trans">He doesn't like to speak.</span> |
| + | * 你 <em>不</em> 用 手机 看书 吗？<span class="pinyin">Nǐ <em>bù</em> yòng shǒujī kàn shū ma?</span><span class="trans">Do you not use your phone to read books? </span> | ||
| + | * 你 晚上 <em>不</em> 洗澡 吗？<span class="pinyin">Nǐ wǎnshang <em>bù</em> xǐzǎo ma? </span><span class="trans">Don't you shower at night?</span> | ||
| + | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
| − | Please note that, while it is grammatically correct to use 没 in all the sentences above, 没 does not negate any ''habitual'' actions. The sentences above, if they contained 没 instead of 不, would express that the speaker ''didn't do'' the named activity (at one particular point ''in the past''). So it would not be about ''habitual actions''. | + | Please note that, while it is grammatically correct to use 没 (méi) in all the sentences above, 没 (méi) does not negate any ''habitual'' actions. The sentences above, if they contained 没 (méi) instead of 不 (bù), would express that the speaker ''didn't do'' the named activity (at one particular point ''in the past''). So it would not be about ''habitual actions''. |
| − | == 不 | + | == 不 (bù) Is Normally Used with Adjectives == |
| − | When it comes to a simple negation of an adjective ( | + | When it comes to a simple negation of an adjective (such as "not cold"), use 不 (bù). |
===Structure=== | ===Structure=== | ||
<div class="jiegou"> | <div class="jiegou"> | ||
| − | 不 + Adj | + | 不 + Adj. |
</div> | </div> | ||
| − | ===Examples=== | + | === Examples === |
<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
| − | * | + | |
| − | * | + | * 我们 <em>不</em> 饿。<span class="pinyin">Wǒmen <em>bù</em> è.</span><span class="trans">We're not hungry.</span> |
| − | * | + | * 你 <em>不</em> 胖。<span class="pinyin">Nǐ <em>bù</em> pàng.</span><span class="trans">You are not fat.</span> |
| − | * | + | * 我 家 <em>不</em> 远。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ jiā <em>bù</em> yuǎn.</span><span class="trans">My home is not far.</span> |
| − | * | + | * 今天 <em>不</em> 冷。<span class="pinyin">Jīntiān <em>bù</em> lěng.</span><span class="trans">Today it isn't cold.</span> |
| + | * 我 觉得 Starbucks 的 咖啡 <em>不</em> 好喝。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ juéde Starbucks de kāfēi <em>bù</em> hǎohē.</span><span class="trans">I think the coffee at Starbucks isn't good.</span> | ||
| + | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
| − | == 不 | + | == 不 (bù) Is for Asking Questions == |
| − | There | + | There are couple ways to use 不 (bù) to ask questions. One such way is through [[Affirmative-negative_question|affirmative-negative questions]]. This is done by stating a verb and then immediately repeating that verb in a negative state (with 不 (bù)). |
===Structure=== | ===Structure=== | ||
<div class="jiegou"> | <div class="jiegou"> | ||
| − | + | Subj. + Verb + 不 + Verb + Obj. | |
</div> | </div> | ||
| − | |||
===Examples=== | ===Examples=== | ||
<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
| − | * 你 <em> | + | * 你 是 不<em>是</em> 我 的 老师？<span class="pinyin">Nǐ shì <em>bu</em> shì wǒ de lǎoshī? </span><span class="trans">Are you my teacher or not? </span> |
| − | * | + | * 她 想 <em>不 </em> 想 来？<span class="pinyin">Tā xiǎng <em>bu</em> xiǎnglái? </span><span class="trans">Does she want to come?</span> |
| − | * 你 <em> | + | * 你 爱 <em>不</em> 爱 我？<span class="pinyin">Nǐ ài <em>bu</em> ài wǒ? </span><span class="trans">Do you love me or not? </span> |
| + | * 你们 周末 上 <em>不</em> 上班？<span class="pinyin">Nǐmen zhōumò shàng <em>bu</em> shàngbān? </span><span class="trans">Do you all go to work on weekends? </span> | ||
| + | * 你 的 外国 朋友们 喜 <em>不</em> 喜欢 吃 中国菜？<span class="pinyin">Nǐ de wàiguó péngyoumen xǐ <em>bu</em> xǐhuan chī Zhōngguó cài? </span><span class="trans">Do your foreign friends like to eat Chinese food? </span> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
| − | 不 can also be used to form [[Tag questions with "bu"|tag questions]]. Tag questions use the positive-negative question form, but are placed at the end of the sentence. Tag questions are used to seek approval or acceptance for a statement, very similar to the English "OK?" or "right?" You can't use 没 for this. | + | 不 (bù) can also be used to form [[Tag questions with "bu"|tag questions]]. Tag questions use the positive-negative question form, but are placed at the end of the sentence. Tag questions are used to seek approval or acceptance for a statement, very similar to the English "OK?" or "right?" You can't use 没 (méi) for this. |
<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
<ul> | <ul> | ||
| − | <li class=" | + | <li class="x">我们 去 吃饭 ，好 <strong>没</strong> 好？<span class="pinyin"> Wǒmen qù chīfàn, hǎo <strong>méi</strong> hǎo? </span></li> |
| − | <li class="o"> | + | <li class="o">我们 去 吃饭 ，好 <em>不</em> 好？<span class="pinyin"> Wǒmen qù chīfàn, hǎo <em>bu</em> hǎo? </span><span class="trans">Let's go eat, is that OK? </span></li> |
| − | <li class="x"> | + | <li class="x">你们 是 好 朋友 ，对 <strong>没</strong> 对？<span class="pinyin">Nǐmen shì hǎo péngyou, duì <strong>méi</strong> duì? </span></li> |
| − | <li class=" | + | <li class="o">你们 是 好 朋友 ，对 <em>不</em> 对？<span class="pinyin">Nǐmen shì hǎo péngyou, duì <em>bu</em> duì? </span><span class="trans">You are good friends, right?</span></li> |
</ul> | </ul> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
| − | == 没 | + | == 没 (méi) Negates Past Actions == |
| − | 没 and 没有 can both be used to [[ | + | 没 (méi) and 没有 (méiyǒu) can both be used to [[Negation of past actions with "meiyou"|negate actions that occurred in the past]], or to say that something has not happened yet. |
===Structure=== | ===Structure=== | ||
| + | |||
<div class="jiegou"> | <div class="jiegou"> | ||
| − | + | Subj. + 没(有) + Verb + Obj. | |
</div> | </div> | ||
===Examples=== | ===Examples=== | ||
| + | |||
<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
<ul> | <ul> | ||
| − | <li class="o">他 <em>没有</em> 打 电话 给 | + | <li class="o">他 <em>没有</em> 打 电话 给 我 。<span class="pinyin">Tā <em>méiyǒu</em> dǎ diànhuà gěi wǒ.</span><span class="trans">He did not give me a call.</span></li> |
| − | <li class="o"> | + | <li class="o"> 你 <em>没</em> 去 上班 吗 ？<span class="pinyin">Nǐ <em>méi</em> qù shàngbān ma? </span><span class="trans">You didn't go to work? </span></li> |
| − | <li class="o">我 昨天 <em>没</em> | + | <li class="o">我 昨天 <em>没</em> 喝酒。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ zuótiān <em>méi</em> hējiǔ.</span><span class="trans">I did not drink alcohol yesterday.</span></li> |
| − | <li class="x">我 昨天 <strong>不</strong> | + | <li class="o">妈妈 <em>没有</em> 做 晚饭。<span class="pinyin">Māma <em>méiyǒu</em> zuò wǎnfàn.</span><span class="trans">Mom did not cook dinner.</span></li> |
| + | <li class="o">他们 吃 完 饭 以后 <em>没</em> 付 钱。<span class="pinyin"> Tāmen chī wán fàn yǐhòu <em>méi</em> fù qián.</span><span class="trans">They didn't pay after they finished eating.</span></li> | ||
| + | <li class="x">我 昨天 <strong>不</strong> 喝酒。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ zuótiān <strong>bù</strong> hējiǔ.</span><span class="trans">I not drink wine yesterday.</span></li> | ||
| + | <li class="x">我 上个 周末 <strong>不</strong> 跟 他 见面。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ shàng gè zhōumò <strong>bù</strong> gēn tā jiànmiàn.</span><span class="trans">I not meet with him last weekend.</span></li> | ||
| + | <li class="x"> 上个月 你 <strong>不</strong> 去 北京 吗？ <span class="pinyin"> Shàng gè yuè nǐ <strong>bù</strong> qù Běijīng? </span><span class="trans">You not go to Beijing last month?</span></li> | ||
</ul> | </ul> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
| − | There are a few things worth noting in these examples. For one, it is still grammatically correct to leave out the 有 in the sentences using 没有. Also, the | + | There are a few things worth noting in these examples. For one, it is still grammatically correct to leave out the 有 (yǒu) in the sentences using 没有 (méiyǒu). Also, the sentences using 不 (bù) ''would be'' grammatically correct, if not for the time words telling us that it is definitely the '''past''' we're talking about. |
| − | == Only 没 | + | == Only 没 (méi) Negates 有 (yǒu) == |
| − | [[Negation of " | + | [[Negation of past actions with "meiyou"|没 (méi) can be used to negate the verb 有 (yǒu)]] ("to have") to mean "do not have." You can only use 没 (méi) to convey this meaning. It is grammatically incorrect to use 不 (bù) to negate 有 (yǒu). |
=== Structure === | === Structure === | ||
| + | |||
<div class="jiegou"> | <div class="jiegou"> | ||
| − | + | Subj. + 没有 + Obj. | |
</div> | </div> | ||
=== Examples === | === Examples === | ||
| + | |||
<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
<ul> | <ul> | ||
| − | <li class="o">我 <em>没有</em> 钱。</li> | + | <li class="x">我 <strong>不 有</strong> 钱。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ <strong>bù yǒu</strong> qián.</span></li> |
| − | <li class="x"> | + | <li class="o">我 <em>没有</em> 钱。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ <em>méiyǒu</em> qián.</span><span class="trans">I don't have money.</span></li> |
| − | <li class="o">他 <em>没有</em> 女朋友。</ | + | <li class="x">他 <strong>不 有</strong> 女朋友。<span class="pinyin">Tā <strong>bù yǒu</strong> nǚpéngyou.</span></li> |
| − | < | + | <li class="o">他 <em>没有</em> 女朋友。<span class="pinyin">Tā <em>méiyǒu</em> nǚpéngyou.</span><span class="trans">He doesn't have a girlfriend.</span></li> |
</ul> | </ul> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
| − | There are times when you can leave out 有 entirely while still expressing 没有 (meaning "to not have" or "there is no"). One well-known example of this is 没办法 ("there is no way" [that's gonna happen]). Both 没 and 没有 are correct, however. | + | There are times when you can leave out 有 (yǒu) entirely while still expressing 没有 (méiyǒu), (meaning "to not have" or "there is no"). One well-known example of this is [[Inability with "mei banfa"|没办法 (méi bànfǎ)]] ("there is no way" [that's gonna happen]). Both 没 (méi) and 没有 (méiyǒu) are correct, however. |
<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
| − | *我 <em>没</em> 办法。 | + | *我 <em>没</em> 办法。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ <em>méi</em> bànfǎ.</span><span class="trans">I don't have a way.</span> |
| − | *我 <em>没有</em> 办法。 | + | *我 <em>没有</em> 办法。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ <em>méiyǒu</em> bànfǎ.</span><span class="trans">I don't have a way.</span> |
</div> | </div> | ||
| − | (You can also [[Inability with "mei banfa"|use 没办法]] to express other meanings.) | + | (You can also [[Inability with "mei banfa"|use 没办法 (méi bànfǎ)]] to express other meanings.) |
| − | == 没 | + | == 没 (méi) Is for Making Comparisons == |
| − | 没 or 没有 can be used to make [[basic comparisons with "meiyou"|simple comparisons]] meaning "not as... as": | + | 没 (méi) or 没有 (méiyǒu) can be used to make [[basic comparisons with "meiyou"|simple comparisons]] meaning "not as... as...": |
=== Structure === | === Structure === | ||
| + | |||
<div class="jiegou"> | <div class="jiegou"> | ||
| − | Noun 1 + 没有 + Noun 2 + | + | Noun 1 + 没有 + Noun 2 + Adj. |
</div> | </div> | ||
=== Examples === | === Examples === | ||
| + | |||
<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
<ul> | <ul> | ||
| − | <li class="o">我 的 | + | <li class="x">你 <strong>不 有</strong> 我 高。<span class="pinyin">Nǐ <strong>bù yǒu</strong> wǒ gāo.</span></li> |
| − | <li class="x"> | + | <li class="o">你 <em>没有</em> 我 高。<span class="pinyin">Nǐ <em>méiyǒu</em> wǒ gāo.</span><span class="trans">You are not as tall as me.</span></li> |
| − | <li class="o"> | + | <li class="x">我 的 手机 <strong>不 有</strong> 他 的 手机 贵。 <span class="pinyin">Wǒ de shǒujī <strong>bù yǒu</strong> tā de shǒujī guì.</span></li> |
| − | <li class="x"> | + | <li class="o">我 的 手机 <em>没有</em> 他 的 手机 贵。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ de shǒujī <em>méiyǒu</em> tā de shǒujī guì.</span><span class="trans">My cell phone isn't as expensive as his.</span></li> |
| + | <li class="x"> 我们 都 <strong>不 有</strong> 老板 忙。<span class="pinyin"> Wǒmen dōu <strong>bù yǒu</strong> lǎobǎn máng.</span></li> | ||
| + | <li class="o"> 我们 都 <em>没有</em> 老板 忙。<span class="pinyin"> Wǒmen dōu <em>méiyǒu</em> lǎobǎn máng.</span><span class="trans">We all are not as busy as the boss.</span></li> | ||
| + | <li class="x">上海 的 冬天 <strong>不 有</strong> 北京 的 冬天 冷。<span class="pinyin"> Shànghǎi de dōngtiān <strong>bù yǒu</strong> Běijīng de dōngtiān lěng.</span></li> | ||
| + | <li class="o">上海 的 冬天 <em>没有</em> 北京 的 冬天 冷。<span class="pinyin"> Shànghǎi de dōngtiān <em>méiyǒu</em> Běijīng de dōngtiān lěng.</span><span class="trans">Shanghai winters are not as cold Beijing winters.</span></li> | ||
</ul> | </ul> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
| − | You can only use 没 or 没有 for this purpose, and '''not''' 不. | + | You can only use 没 (méi) or 没有 (méiyǒu) for this purpose, and '''not''' 不 (bù). |
| − | == 不 | + | == 不 (bù) Is Used Almost Exclusively with Certain Verbs == |
| − | Certain verbs just don't get negated by 没 or 没有 ever. These include the verbs 是 ("to be") and 在 ("to be (in a place)"), as well as some psychological verbs such as 知道 ("to know") and 认识 ("to know (a person)"). For these verbs, it's best to just take them on a case-by-case basis. Being aware of their existence can save you a fair bit of confusion. | + | Certain verbs just don't get negated by 没 (méi) or 没有 (méiyǒu) ever. These include the verbs 是 (shì) ("to be") and 在 (zài) ("to be (in a place)"), as well as some psychological verbs such as 知道 (zhīdào) ("to know") and 认识 (rènshi) ("to know (a person)"). For these verbs, it's best to just take them on a case-by-case basis. Being aware of their existence can save you a fair bit of confusion. |
<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
<ul> | <ul> | ||
| − | <li class="o">他 以前 <em>不</em> 是 我的 | + | <li class="x">他 以前 <strong>没</strong> 是 我的 老板。<span class="pinyin">Tā yǐqián <strong>méi</strong> shì wǒ de lǎobǎn.</span></li> |
| − | <li class="x"> | + | <li class="o">他 以前 <em>不</em> 是 我的 老板。<span class="pinyin">Tā yǐqián <em>bù</em> shì wǒ de lǎobǎn.</span><span class="trans">He was not my boss before.</span></li> |
| − | <li class="o"> | + | <li class="x">我 <strong>没</strong> 知道 他 要 来 。 <span class="pinyin">Wǒ <strong>méi</strong> zhīdào tā yào lái.</span></li> |
| − | <li class="x"> | + | <li class="o"> 我 <em>不</em> 知道 他 要 来。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ <em>bù</em> zhīdào tā yào lái.</span><span class="trans">I didn't know he was coming.</span></li> |
| − | <li class="o"> | + | <li class="x">他 小 时候 <strong>没</strong> 认识 她 。<span class="pinyin">Tā xiǎo shíhou <strong>méi</strong> rènshi tā.</span></li> |
| − | <li class=" | + | <li class="o">他 小时候 <em>不</em> 认识 她。<span class="pinyin">Tā xiǎo shíhou <em>bù</em> rènshi tā.</span><span class="trans">He did not know her when he was young.</span></li> |
| − | <li class="o"> | + | <li class="q">昨天 我 <strong>没</strong> 在 家。<span class="expl">Use of 没 with 在 is technically incorrect, but you sometimes hear it.</span><span class="pinyin">Zuótiān wǒ <strong>méi</strong> zài jiā.</span></li> |
| − | + | <li class="o">昨天 我 <em>不</em> 在 家 。<span class="pinyin">Zuótiān wǒ <em>bù</em> zài jiā.</span><span class="trans">I was not home yesterday.</span></li> | |
</ul> | </ul> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
Note that in non-standard Mandarin you might encounter exceptions to this rule. It's still useful to know the rule! | Note that in non-standard Mandarin you might encounter exceptions to this rule. It's still useful to know the rule! | ||
| + | |||
| + | == QUIZ TIME! == | ||
| + | |||
| + | <h3 class="quiz">Ready to Check Your Mastery of 不 and 没?</h3> | ||
| + | <div class="quiz"> | ||
| + | |||
| + | If you're pretty clear on the explanations you've read so far and the examples make sense to you, you still need to put your knowledge to the test. | ||
| + | |||
| + | <div class="quiz-link">[https://quizzes.allsetlearning.com/q/bu-vs-mei/ Take the 不 / 没 Quiz!]</div> | ||
| + | |||
| + | </div> | ||
== Sources and further reading == | == Sources and further reading == | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Websites === | ||
| + | |||
| + | * http://www.docin.com/p-20925643.html | ||
| + | * http://wenku.baidu.com/view/e2e8eb2ce2bd960590c67703.html | ||
| + | * ChinesePod Qing Wen: [https://chinesepod.com/lessons/when-to-use-“不”-bu-and-“没”-mei When To Use “不” bù and “没” méi?] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Videos=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Yoyo Chinese: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=340G2Sw4Z50&list=PL94A5E422FB99CDDD Negation word 不] | ||
| + | * Yoyo Chinese: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oMaE2w7C5qI&list=PL94A5E422FB99CDDD&index=12 Negation word 没] | ||
=== Books === | === Books === | ||
| − | + | {{Source|Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition|141-4}} | |
| − | + | {{Source|Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed)|137-9}} | |
| − | + | {{Source|New Practical Chinese Reader 1 (新实用汉语课本1)|87}} | |
| − | + | {{Source|New Practical Chinese Reader 1 (新实用汉语课本1)(2nd ed)|102, 250-1}} | |
| − | + | {{Source|Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition|54-5}} | |
| − | + | {{Source|New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3)|33-4}} | |
| − | + | {{Source|Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition|51}} | |
| − | + | {{Source|现代汉语八百词（增订本）|382}} | |
| − | + | {{Source|Practicing HSK Grammar (语法精讲精炼)|32}} | |
| − | + | {{Source|现代汉语八百词（增订本）|383}} | |
| − | + | {{Source|Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed)|31}} | |
| − | + | {{Source|Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (1st ed)|85-86}} | |
| − | + | {{Source|New Practical Chinese Reader 1 (新实用汉语课本1)(2nd ed)|218}} | |
| + | {{Source|Reference:Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级)|156}} | ||
| + | {{Source|40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册）|157-8}} | ||
[[Category:grammar comparison]] | [[Category:grammar comparison]] | ||
| − | {{Basic Grammar|不|A2|不 vs 没|我 今天 晚上 <em>不</em> | + | {{HSK|HSK1}}{{2021-HSK|HSK1}} |
| + | {{Used for|Negating}} | ||
| + | {{Used for|Describing actions}} | ||
| + | {{Used for|Denying and refusing}} | ||
| + | {{Basic Grammar|不|A2|不 vs 没|我 今天 晚上 <em>不</em> 吃饭。昨天 晚上 我 <em>没</em> 吃饭。|grammar point|ASGRJ1BI}} | ||
{{Rel char|没有}} | {{Rel char|没有}} | ||
{{Rel char|没}} | {{Rel char|没}} | ||
{{Similar|Standard negation with "bu"}} | {{Similar|Standard negation with "bu"}} | ||
| − | {{Similar|Affirmative-negative | + | {{Similar|Affirmative-negative question}} |
{{Similar|Tag questions with "bu"}} | {{Similar|Tag questions with "bu"}} | ||
| − | {{Similar|Negation of "you"}} | + | {{Similar|Negation of "you" with "mei"}} |
| − | {{Similar|Negation of past actions}} | + | {{Similar|Negation of past actions with "meiyou"}} |
{{Similar|Basic comparisons with "meiyou"}} | {{Similar|Basic comparisons with "meiyou"}} | ||
| − | {{ | + | {{Translation|not}} |
| − | {{Comparison}} | + | {{Comparison|Adverbs}} |
Latest revision as of 02:55, 31 December 2021
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Keywords
Both 不 (bù) and 没 (méi) can be placed in front of a verb or adjective to negate its meaning. However, 不 (bù) and 没 (méi) are not usually interchangeable, so it's important to learn when you must use 不 (bù) as opposed to 没 (méi), and vice versa.
Contents
- 1 不 (bù) Negates in the Present and Future
- 2 不 (bù) Negates Habitual Actions
- 3 不 (bù) Is Normally Used with Adjectives
- 4 不 (bù) Is for Asking Questions
- 5 没 (méi) Negates Past Actions
- 6 Only 没 (méi) Negates 有 (yǒu)
- 7 没 (méi) Is for Making Comparisons
- 8 不 (bù) Is Used Almost Exclusively with Certain Verbs
- 9 QUIZ TIME!
- 10 Sources and further reading
不 (bù) Negates in the Present and Future
不 (bù) is generally used to negate an action that you do not want to do or do not intend to do (in the future). So expressing things like "I don't want to go" or "I'm not going" would be uses of 不 (bù).
Structure
Subj. + 不 + Verb
Examples
Whether it's "don't wanna do it" or "not gonna do it," use 不 (bù):
- 我 今天 晚上 不 喝酒。Tonight I'm not going to drink.
- 爸爸 不 回来 吃 晚饭。Dad is not coming back to eat dinner.
- 老板 明天 不 来 。The boss won't come tomorrow.
- 我 知道 这 个 周末 不 下雨。I know it's not going to rain this weekend.
- 你 女朋友 不 跟 你 一起 去 吗？Is your girlfriend not going with you?
不 (bù) Negates Habitual Actions
不 (bù) can be used to negate habitual actions, to express what you just aren't in the habit of doing, such as eating meat, or watching TV, or drinking alcohol. This is simply done by placing 不 (bù) in front of the verb.
Structure
Subj. + 不 + Verb + Obj.
Examples
- 我 不 吃 肉。I don't eat meat.
- 你们 都 不 喝酒 吗？Do you all not drink alcohol?
- 他 不 喜欢 说话。He doesn't like to speak.
- 你 不 用 手机 看书 吗？Do you not use your phone to read books?
- 你 晚上 不 洗澡 吗？Don't you shower at night?
Please note that, while it is grammatically correct to use 没 (méi) in all the sentences above, 没 (méi) does not negate any habitual actions. The sentences above, if they contained 没 (méi) instead of 不 (bù), would express that the speaker didn't do the named activity (at one particular point in the past). So it would not be about habitual actions.
不 (bù) Is Normally Used with Adjectives
When it comes to a simple negation of an adjective (such as "not cold"), use 不 (bù).
Structure
不 + Adj.
Examples
- 我们 不 饿。We're not hungry.
- 你 不 胖。You are not fat.
- 我 家 不 远。My home is not far.
- 今天 不 冷。Today it isn't cold.
- 我 觉得 Starbucks 的 咖啡 不 好喝。I think the coffee at Starbucks isn't good.
不 (bù) Is for Asking Questions
There are couple ways to use 不 (bù) to ask questions. One such way is through affirmative-negative questions. This is done by stating a verb and then immediately repeating that verb in a negative state (with 不 (bù)).
Structure
Subj. + Verb + 不 + Verb + Obj.
Examples
- 你 是 不是 我 的 老师？Are you my teacher or not?
- 她 想 不 想 来？Does she want to come?
- 你 爱 不 爱 我？Do you love me or not?
- 你们 周末 上 不 上班？Do you all go to work on weekends?
- 你 的 外国 朋友们 喜 不 喜欢 吃 中国菜？Do your foreign friends like to eat Chinese food?
不 (bù) can also be used to form tag questions. Tag questions use the positive-negative question form, but are placed at the end of the sentence. Tag questions are used to seek approval or acceptance for a statement, very similar to the English "OK?" or "right?" You can't use 没 (méi) for this.
- 我们 去 吃饭 ，好 没 好？
- 我们 去 吃饭 ，好 不 好？Let's go eat, is that OK?
- 你们 是 好 朋友 ，对 没 对？
- 你们 是 好 朋友 ，对 不 对？You are good friends, right?
没 (méi) Negates Past Actions
没 (méi) and 没有 (méiyǒu) can both be used to negate actions that occurred in the past, or to say that something has not happened yet.
Structure
Subj. + 没(有) + Verb + Obj.
Examples
- 他 没有 打 电话 给 我 。He did not give me a call.
- 你 没 去 上班 吗 ？You didn't go to work?
- 我 昨天 没 喝酒。I did not drink alcohol yesterday.
- 妈妈 没有 做 晚饭。Mom did not cook dinner.
- 他们 吃 完 饭 以后 没 付 钱。They didn't pay after they finished eating.
- 我 昨天 不 喝酒。I not drink wine yesterday.
- 我 上个 周末 不 跟 他 见面。I not meet with him last weekend.
- 上个月 你 不 去 北京 吗？ You not go to Beijing last month?
There are a few things worth noting in these examples. For one, it is still grammatically correct to leave out the 有 (yǒu) in the sentences using 没有 (méiyǒu). Also, the sentences using 不 (bù) would be grammatically correct, if not for the time words telling us that it is definitely the past we're talking about.
Only 没 (méi) Negates 有 (yǒu)
没 (méi) can be used to negate the verb 有 (yǒu) ("to have") to mean "do not have." You can only use 没 (méi) to convey this meaning. It is grammatically incorrect to use 不 (bù) to negate 有 (yǒu).
Structure
Subj. + 没有 + Obj.
Examples
- 我 不 有 钱。
- 我 没有 钱。I don't have money.
- 他 不 有 女朋友。
- 他 没有 女朋友。He doesn't have a girlfriend.
There are times when you can leave out 有 (yǒu) entirely while still expressing 没有 (méiyǒu), (meaning "to not have" or "there is no"). One well-known example of this is 没办法 (méi bànfǎ) ("there is no way" [that's gonna happen]). Both 没 (méi) and 没有 (méiyǒu) are correct, however.
- 我 没 办法。I don't have a way.
- 我 没有 办法。I don't have a way.
(You can also use 没办法 (méi bànfǎ) to express other meanings.)
没 (méi) Is for Making Comparisons
没 (méi) or 没有 (méiyǒu) can be used to make simple comparisons meaning "not as... as...":
Structure
Noun 1 + 没有 + Noun 2 + Adj.
Examples
- 你 不 有 我 高。
- 你 没有 我 高。You are not as tall as me.
- 我 的 手机 不 有 他 的 手机 贵。
- 我 的 手机 没有 他 的 手机 贵。My cell phone isn't as expensive as his.
- 我们 都 不 有 老板 忙。
- 我们 都 没有 老板 忙。We all are not as busy as the boss.
- 上海 的 冬天 不 有 北京 的 冬天 冷。
- 上海 的 冬天 没有 北京 的 冬天 冷。Shanghai winters are not as cold Beijing winters.
You can only use 没 (méi) or 没有 (méiyǒu) for this purpose, and not 不 (bù).
不 (bù) Is Used Almost Exclusively with Certain Verbs
Certain verbs just don't get negated by 没 (méi) or 没有 (méiyǒu) ever. These include the verbs 是 (shì) ("to be") and 在 (zài) ("to be (in a place)"), as well as some psychological verbs such as 知道 (zhīdào) ("to know") and 认识 (rènshi) ("to know (a person)"). For these verbs, it's best to just take them on a case-by-case basis. Being aware of their existence can save you a fair bit of confusion.
- 他 以前 没 是 我的 老板。
- 他 以前 不 是 我的 老板。He was not my boss before.
- 我 没 知道 他 要 来 。
- 我 不 知道 他 要 来。I didn't know he was coming.
- 他 小 时候 没 认识 她 。
- 他 小时候 不 认识 她。He did not know her when he was young.
- 昨天 我 没 在 家。Use of 没 with 在 is technically incorrect, but you sometimes hear it.
- 昨天 我 不 在 家 。I was not home yesterday.
Note that in non-standard Mandarin you might encounter exceptions to this rule. It's still useful to know the rule!
QUIZ TIME!
Ready to Check Your Mastery of 不 and 没?
If you're pretty clear on the explanations you've read so far and the examples make sense to you, you still need to put your knowledge to the test.
Sources and further reading
Websites
- http://www.docin.com/p-20925643.html
- http://wenku.baidu.com/view/e2e8eb2ce2bd960590c67703.html
- ChinesePod Qing Wen: When To Use “不” bù and “没” méi?
Videos
- Yoyo Chinese: Negation word 不
- Yoyo Chinese: Negation word 没
Books
- Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 141-4) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
- Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 137-9) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
- New Practical Chinese Reader 1 (新实用汉语课本1) (pp. 87) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
- New Practical Chinese Reader 1 (新实用汉语课本1)(2nd ed) (pp. 102, 250-1) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
- Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 54-5) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
- New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 33-4) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
- Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 51) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
- 现代汉语八百词（增订本） (pp. 382) [ →buy]
- Practicing HSK Grammar (语法精讲精炼) (pp. 32) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
- 现代汉语八百词（增订本） (pp. 383) [ →buy]
- Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 31) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
- Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (1st ed) (pp. 85-86) [ →buy]
- New Practical Chinese Reader 1 (新实用汉语课本1)(2nd ed) (pp. 218) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
- Reference:Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级) (pp. 156) [ →buy]
- 40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (pp. 157-8) [ →buy]
