Difference between revisions of "Direction complement "-qilai""
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| − | + | {{Grammar Box}} | |
| + | 起来 (qǐlái) comes up very frequently in Chinese and can be used both literally and figuratively. This is a little like the usage of "up" in English, which can be used literally, as in "stand up," or figuratively, as in "add up." When used figuratively, 起来 often serves as a [[direction complement]]. | ||
| − | === | + | == Basic Meaning == |
| − | 起来 can be used to like "up" | + | |
| + | === Structure === | ||
| + | |||
| + | 起来 can be used to express an upward movement like "up," as in the English examples of "stand up" or "pick up." | ||
| + | |||
| + | <div class="jiegou"> | ||
| + | Verb + 起来 | ||
| + | </div> | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Examples === | ||
<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | === | + | *请 大家 <strong>站</strong> <em>起来</em> 。<span class="pinyin">Qǐng dàjiā <strong>zhàn</strong> <em>qǐlái</em>.</span><span class="trans">Everyone, please stand up.</span> |
| + | *<strong>捡</strong> <em>起来</em>。<span class="pinyin"><strong>Jiǎn</strong> <em>qǐlái</em>.</span><span class="trans">Pick it up (from the floor).</span> | ||
| + | *头 <strong>抬</strong> <em>起来</em> 。<span class="pinyin">Tóu <strong>tái</strong> <em>qǐlái</em>.</span><span class="trans">Raise your head.</span> | ||
| + | *别动 ！<strong>把</strong> 手 <strong>举</strong> <em>起来</em> 。<span class="pinyin">Bié dòng! <strong>Bǎ</strong> shǒu <strong>jǔ</strong> <em>qǐlái</em>.</span><span class="trans">Don't move! Put your hands up.</span> | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
| − | === | + | == Used for Initiation of an Action == |
| + | |||
| + | === Structure === | ||
| + | |||
| + | 起来 can also be used to show that an action or state has started and is ongoing: | ||
| + | |||
| + | <div class="jiegou"> | ||
| + | Verb / Adj. + 起来 +了 | ||
| + | </div> | ||
| − | + | === Examples === | |
<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
| − | * | + | |
| + | *小鸟 飞 <em>起来</em> <strong>了</strong> 。<span class="pinyin">Xiǎoniǎo fēi <em>qǐlái</em><strong> le </strong>.</span><span class="trans">The birds started flying.</span> | ||
| + | *宝宝 哭 <em>起来</em> <strong>了</strong> 。<span class="pinyin">Bǎobao kū <em>qǐlái</em> <strong>le</strong>.</span><span class="trans">The baby started crying.</span> | ||
| + | *两 个 大妈 吵 <em>起来</em> <strong>了</strong> 。<span class="pinyin">Liǎng gè dàmā chǎo <em>qǐlái</em> <strong>le</strong>.</span><span class="trans">Two middle-aged ladies started arguing.</span> | ||
| + | *天气 热 <em>起来</em> <strong>了</strong> 。<span class="pinyin">Tiānqì rè <em>qǐlái</em> <strong>le</strong>.</span><span class="trans">It's getting hot.</span> | ||
| + | *结婚 以后 ，她 胖 <em>起来</em> <strong>了</strong> 。<span class="pinyin">Jiéhūn yǐhòu, tā pàng <em>qǐlái</em> <strong>le</strong>.</span><span class="trans">After she got married, she has started to gain weight.</span> | ||
| + | *爷爷 的 身体 好 <em>起来</em> <strong>了</strong> 。<span class="pinyin">Yéye de shēntǐ hǎo <em>qǐlái</em> <strong>le</strong>.</span><span class="trans">Grandpa's health is getting better.</span> | ||
| + | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
| − | === | + | When used like this, 起来 is only used with spontaneous actions, like 唱 (chàng), 跳 (tiào), 聊 (liáo), or with states like 热 (rè), 冷 (lěng), or 好 (hǎo) etc. It cannot be used with planned actions. |
| + | |||
| + | <div class="liju"> | ||
| + | <ul> | ||
| + | <li class="x">你 几 点 <strong>工作</strong> <em>起来</em> ？<span class="pinyin">Nǐ jǐ diǎn <strong>gōngzuò</strong> <em>qǐlái</em>?</span> </li> | ||
| + | <li class="o">你 几 点 <em>开始</em> <strong>工作</strong> ？<span class="pinyin">Nǐ jǐ diǎn <em>kāishǐ</em> <strong>gōngzuò</strong>?</span><span class="trans">What time will you start working?</span></li> | ||
| + | </ul> | ||
| + | </div> | ||
| − | + | It can also used as a way to encourage people to start doing something immediately: | |
<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
| − | * 大家 | + | *大家 <strong>唱</strong> <em>起来</em> ，<strong>跳</strong> <em>起来</em> ! <span class="pinyin">Dàjiā <strong>chàng</strong> <em>qǐlái</em>, <strong>tiào</strong> <em>qǐlái</em> !</span><span class="trans">Let's sing and dance, everybody!</span> |
| − | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
| − | + | == Used for an Initial Judgement== | |
| + | 起来 is used here to express that the speaker has only just initiated an action, and based on that, has made a preliminary judgment. It is used in the following structure: | ||
| − | === | + | === Structure === |
| − | |||
| − | |||
<div class="jiegou"> | <div class="jiegou"> | ||
| − | + | Subj. + Verb + 起来 + Adv. + Adj. | |
</div> | </div> | ||
| − | This expresses that the subject seems ''adjective'' when the action of the verb is performed. This structure is frequently used with | + | This expresses that the subject seems ''adjective'' when the action of the verb is performed. This structure is frequently used with perception verbs such as 看, 听, 闻, 摸, etc. |
| − | + | === Examples === | |
<div class="liju"> | <div class="liju"> | ||
| − | * 他 看 <em>起来</em> 很 | + | |
| − | * | + | *他 <em>看 起来</em> <strong>很 友好</strong> 。<span class="pinyin">Tā <em>kàn qǐlái</em> <strong>hěn yǒuhǎo</strong>.</span><span class="trans">He looks very friendly.</span> |
| − | * | + | *你 的 头发 <em>闻 起来</em> <strong>很 香</strong> 。<span class="pinyin">Nǐ de tóufa <em>wén qǐlái</em> <strong>hěn xiāng</strong>.</span><span class="trans">Your hair smells good.</span> |
| + | *这 件 事情 <em>听 起来</em> <strong>有点 复杂</strong> 。<span class="pinyin">Zhè jiàn shìqing <em>tīng qǐlái</em> <strong>yǒudiǎn fùzá</strong>.</span><span class="trans">This matter sounds a little bit complex.</span> | ||
| + | *这些 菜 <em>尝 起来</em> 都 <strong>不错</strong> 。<span class="pinyin">Zhèxiē cài <em>cháng qǐlái</em> dōu <strong>bùcuò</strong>.</span><span class="trans">These foods all taste good.</span> | ||
| + | *你 的 床 <em>摸 起来</em> <strong>很 舒服</strong> 。<span class="pinyin">Nǐ de chuáng <em>mō qǐlái</em> <strong>hěn shūfu</strong>.</span><span class="trans">Your bed feels very comfortable.</span> | ||
| + | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
| − | ==See also== | + | == See also == |
| − | |||
| + | * [[Result complement "xiaqu"]] | ||
| + | * [[Advanced result complements]] | ||
| + | * [[Direction complement]] | ||
| + | * [[Appearance with "kanqilai"]] | ||
== Sources and further reading == | == Sources and further reading == | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Books === | ||
| + | |||
| + | {{Source|Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级) |25-31}} | ||
| + | {{Source|Boya Chinese Elementary Starter 2 (博雅汉语初经起步篇) |80}} | ||
| + | {{Source|New Practical Chinese Reader 5 (新实用汉语课本5) |134-5}} | ||
| + | {{Source|40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课下册）|355-6}} | ||
| + | {{Source|Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2|20}} | ||
| + | {{Source|HSK Standard Course 4下|60}} | ||
| + | {{Source|HSK Standard Course 5上|36}} | ||
=== Websites === | === Websites === | ||
* Yale: [http://comet.cls.yale.edu/mandarin/content/directional/grammar/direction-3a.htm Extended meaning of some directional complements] | * Yale: [http://comet.cls.yale.edu/mandarin/content/directional/grammar/direction-3a.htm Extended meaning of some directional complements] | ||
| − | + | {{HSK|HSK4}} | |
| − | + | {{Basic Grammar|起来|B1|Verb / Adj.+ 起来|天气 热 <em>起来</em> <strong>了</strong> 。|grammar point|ASGBPXOB}} | |
| − | + | {{Rel char|起}} | |
| − | + | {{Rel char|来}} | |
| − | + | {{Similar|Further Uses of Resultative Complement "qilai"}} | |
| + | {{Similar|Result complement "xiaqu"|下去}} | ||
| + | {{Similar|Resultative Complement "chu(lai)"|出来}} | ||
| + | {{Similar|Direction complement}} | ||
| + | {{Similar|Result complements "dao" and "jian"}} | ||
| + | {{Similar|Appearance with "kanqilai"}} | ||
| + | {{Used for|Expressing result}} | ||
| + | {{Used for|Describing actions}} | ||
| + | {{Used for|Expressing movement}} | ||
| + | {{Structure|Complements}} | ||
| + | {{Subprop|Direction complement}} | ||
Latest revision as of 04:04, 21 February 2020
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Keywords
起来 (qǐlái) comes up very frequently in Chinese and can be used both literally and figuratively. This is a little like the usage of "up" in English, which can be used literally, as in "stand up," or figuratively, as in "add up." When used figuratively, 起来 often serves as a direction complement.
Contents
Basic Meaning
Structure
起来 can be used to express an upward movement like "up," as in the English examples of "stand up" or "pick up."
Verb + 起来
Examples
- 请 大家 站 起来 。Everyone, please stand up.
- 捡 起来。Pick it up (from the floor).
- 头 抬 起来 。Raise your head.
- 别动 ！把 手 举 起来 。Don't move! Put your hands up.
Used for Initiation of an Action
Structure
起来 can also be used to show that an action or state has started and is ongoing:
Verb / Adj. + 起来 +了
Examples
- 小鸟 飞 起来 了 。The birds started flying.
- 宝宝 哭 起来 了 。The baby started crying.
- 两 个 大妈 吵 起来 了 。Two middle-aged ladies started arguing.
- 天气 热 起来 了 。It's getting hot.
- 结婚 以后 ，她 胖 起来 了 。After she got married, she has started to gain weight.
- 爷爷 的 身体 好 起来 了 。Grandpa's health is getting better.
When used like this, 起来 is only used with spontaneous actions, like 唱 (chàng), 跳 (tiào), 聊 (liáo), or with states like 热 (rè), 冷 (lěng), or 好 (hǎo) etc. It cannot be used with planned actions.
- 你 几 点 工作 起来 ？
- 你 几 点 开始 工作 ？What time will you start working?
It can also used as a way to encourage people to start doing something immediately:
- 大家 唱 起来 ，跳 起来 ! Let's sing and dance, everybody!
Used for an Initial Judgement
起来 is used here to express that the speaker has only just initiated an action, and based on that, has made a preliminary judgment. It is used in the following structure:
Structure
Subj. + Verb + 起来 + Adv. + Adj.
This expresses that the subject seems adjective when the action of the verb is performed. This structure is frequently used with perception verbs such as 看, 听, 闻, 摸, etc.
Examples
- 他 看 起来 很 友好 。He looks very friendly.
- 你 的 头发 闻 起来 很 香 。Your hair smells good.
- 这 件 事情 听 起来 有点 复杂 。This matter sounds a little bit complex.
- 这些 菜 尝 起来 都 不错 。These foods all taste good.
- 你 的 床 摸 起来 很 舒服 。Your bed feels very comfortable.
See also
- Result complement "xiaqu"
- Advanced result complements
- Direction complement
- Appearance with "kanqilai"
Sources and further reading
Books
- Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级) (pp. 25-31) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
- Boya Chinese Elementary Starter 2 (博雅汉语初经起步篇) (pp. 80) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
- New Practical Chinese Reader 5 (新实用汉语课本5) (pp. 134-5) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
- 40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课下册） (pp. 355-6) [ →buy]
- Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (pp. 20) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
- HSK Standard Course 4下 (pp. 60) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
- HSK Standard Course 5上 (pp. 36) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
Websites
