Expressing "and" with "he" (advanced)
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You probably learned early on that 和 (hé) is used as an "and" word to connect nouns and noun phrases, but not sentences or clauses. This rule is fine for a while but eventually you will begin encountering what appears to be non-nouns linked by 和. This article addresses how you may see 和 used in other ways.
It's worth mentioning that none of these uses of 和 needs to be used. You could do just fine only using 和 to connect nouns and noun phrases, and native speakers may prefer not to use 和 in some of the examples sentences given below. Still, uses like these do exist.
Contents
Linking Verbs with 和
Rather than give absolute rules, it's more helpful to give trends, because it's very difficult to provide a rule for using 和 with non-nouns which is never broken. There are just too many gray areas.
In most cases, the following trends apply when 和 is used to connect verbs:
- The two verbs are very similar in nature. This could include characteristics such as level of formality, structure, and scope. Often you'll find that the verbs even overlap a little in meaning or are frequently used together. Thus 唱歌和跳舞 is natural (both are separable verbs, equally informal, frequently used together), whereas 玩游戏和跑 (the structure of the two is very different) is quite awkward.
- Both verbs share the same object (e.g. 管理和运营一家公司) or are both modified by the same adverbial phrase (e.g. 进一步地了解和交流).
- Normally (but not always) both verbs are two-syllable verbs, such as 维护, 修理.
Structure
Verb 1 + 和 + Verb 2
Examples
- 政府 每年 都 会 维护 和 修理 这些 建筑 。Every year the government maintains and fixes these buildings.
- 我们 需要 进一步 地 了解 和 交流。We must further improve in understanding and communicating.
- 他 十八岁 的 时候 就 管理 和 运营 着 一 家 公司。When he was eighteen years old, he managed and operated a company.
- 这 种 材料 可以 无限 地 回收 和 利用。This type of material can be endlessly recycled and reused.
- 预防 和 治理 污染 需要 所有 人 共同 的 努力。Preventing and regulating pollution requires everyone to work together.
Linking Adjectives with 和
In most cases, at least one of the following trends apply when 和 is used to connect adjectives:
- The two adjectives often act as an attributive (coming before a noun), object (coming after a verb), or other sentence element.
- If the two adjectives act as the predicate of the sentence, there will be some kind of modifier before the adjectives; they won't just be used "bare"
Structure
Adj. 1 + 和 + Adj. 2
Examples
- 我 就是 喜欢 她 任性 和 调皮，怎么了？Acting as objectsI just like her headstrong and mischievous. What's wrong with that?
- 她 安静 和 甜美 的 笑容 让 我 觉得 温暖 。Acting as an attributiveHer quiet and sweet smile makes me feel warm.
- 这种 恐惧 和 担心 不 是 没有 道理。Acting as subjects, and with modifier 这种Such worries and fears are not unreasonable.
- 你 什么时候 才 可以 像 他 那样 冷静 和 理性？with modifier 那样When will you be as calm and rational as he is?
- 她 那么 单纯 和 天真，你 怎么 可以 这样 对 她？Acting as predicate, with with modifier 那么She is so innocent and naive, how can you treat her like this?
Incorrect uses of 和
Don't forget that in addition to 和, there are all kinds of other ways to express the "and" meaning, such as the words 并, 并且, and 还有, or the patterns 又⋯⋯又⋯⋯ or 既⋯⋯又⋯⋯. Below are some sentences that don't follow the trends laid out above, and are thus not good sentences.
In this first group, the "bare" (unmodified) adjectives don't sound good when using 和:
- 你 自私 和 冷漠，怎么 会 有 人 喜欢 你 ？！
- 你 这么 自私 和 冷漠 ， 怎么 会 有 人 喜欢 你 ？！You're so selfish and cold, how could anyone like you?
In this second group, using 和 to group two totally different verbs with different objects sounds bad. It's actually better to just drop the 和 completely!
- 我 去 了 超市 和 买 了 水果 。
- 我 去 了 超市 ， 买 了 水果 。I went to the supermarket and bought fruit.
Finally, in this last group the verbs share an object, and they're both monosyllabic verbs. While perhaps not blatantly incorrect, this sentence just sounds weird to most Chinese. Using 和 with two-syllable verbs rather than one-syllable verbs sounds more natural:
- 你 需要 买 和 装 杀毒 软件 。
- 你 需要 购买 和 安装 杀毒 软件 。You need to purchase and install anti-virus software.
See also
- Translations of "and"
- Expressing "in addition" with "haiyou"
- "In addition" as "lingwai"
- Expressing "not only… but also"
- Combining verbs with "bing"
Sources and further reading
Books
- Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar (pp. 74-5) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
- Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 14-5) Anything Goes (无所不谈) →buy
- 现代汉语虚词例释 (pp. 236) 卓越汉语－公司实战篇 →buy
- 现代汉语八百词 (pp. 265) 卓越汉语－公司实战篇 →buy
- 实用现代汉语语法 (pp. 317) 卓越汉语－公司实战篇 →buy
