Difference between revisions of "Conjunction"
 
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{{AKA|连词 (liáncí)}}
  
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== Notes ==
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Conjunctions in Chinese do exactly what they do in English: connect things. They help make the transition between ideas smoother and also show the relationships between those ideas.
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* Can indicate:
 
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** Coordination
 
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** Causality
 
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** Condition
 
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** Supposition
 
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** Inference
 
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** Transition
 
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** Concession
 
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** Alternative
 
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** Enumeration
 
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** Succession
 
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** Progression
 
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* Can't be used alone.
 
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* Can't be reduplicated.
 
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* Can't serve as any sentence element.
 
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* Important conjunctions:
 
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** [[Expressing "and" with "he"|和]]
 
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** 及
 
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** 并
 
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** [[Combining Verbs with "bing"|并且]]
 
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** [[Comparing "houlai" and "ranhou"|然后 (vs 以后)]]
 
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** [[Expressing "otherwise" with "yaobu"|不然]]
 
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** [[Offering choices with "haishi"|还是]]
 
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** [["Or" in statements|或者]]
 
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** [[Two words for "but"|可是]]
 
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** [[Two words for "but"|但是]]
 
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** [[Because" with "er" Indicating Effect|而]]
 
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** 同
 
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** [[Expressing "with" with "gen"|跟]]
 
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** [[Expressing "not only… but also"|不但 ... 而且]]
 
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** [[Expressing "not only… but also"|而且]]
 
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** [["Or" in statements|或, 或者]]
 
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** [[Cause and effect with "yinwei" and "suoyi"|因为, 所以]]
 
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** 以至
 
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** 从而
 
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** 反之
 
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** 固然
 
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** 好
 
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** 何况
 
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** 即
 
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** 以便
 
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** 况且
 
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** 免得
 
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** [[Expressing "no wonder"|难怪]]
 
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** 宁可
 
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** 任
 
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** 甚至
 
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** 省得
 
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** 可见
 
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** [["In addition" with "zaishuo"|再说]]
 
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** 鉴于
 
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** 以免
 
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** [["On the Contrary" with "fan'er"|反而]]
 
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** [["Since" with "jiran"|既然 ... 就]]
 
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** [["If…, then…" with "ruguo…, jiu…"|如果 ... 就]]
 
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** 与其 ... 不如
 
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** [["Only if" with "zhiyou"|只有 ... 才]]
 
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** [["As long as" with "zhiyao"|只要 ... 就]]
 
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** [[Expressing Simultaneous Actions with "yimian"|一面 ... 一面]]
 
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** 尚且 ... 可况
 
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** [[Expressing "either ... or ..." with "yaome"|要么 ... 要么]]
 
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** [["Although" with "suiran" and "danshi"|虽然 ... 但是]]
 
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** [[Expressing "Even if…" with "jishi"|即使 ... 也]]
 
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** [["Although" with "jinguan"|尽管 ... 也]]
 
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** 无论 ... 都
 
  
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==Characteristics==
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Conjunctions can be used to connect words, phrases, clauses, and even entire sentences. They themselves cannot act as sentence elements. Instead, they come between the elements to connect them in some way. Unlike English, Chinese conjunctions need to have something next to them, so they cannot just be at the end of the sentence, as sometimes happens in English. Unlike [[Reduplication of adjectives|adjectives]] and [[Verb reduplication|verbs]], conjunctions are not reduplicated.
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==Functions==
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As said above, conjunctions connect ideas and can show the relationship between them. Some of the more commonly expressed relationships include coordination ([[and]]), causality ([[so]]), condition ([[because]]), supposition ([[if]]), alternation ([[or]]), and succession ([[then]]). Less common relationships include inference, transition, concession, enumeration, and progression.
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==See Also==
 
* Different ways to say '[[and]]' (depending on the context)
 
* Different ways to say '[[and]]' (depending on the context)
 
* Different ways to say '[[if]]' (depending on the context)
 
* Different ways to say '[[if]]' (depending on the context)
 
* Different ways to say '[[or]]' (depending on the context)
 
* Different ways to say '[[or]]' (depending on the context)
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== Grammar Patterns for Conjunctions==
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{{POS Page|Conjunctions}}
  
 
== Sources and further reading ==
 
== Sources and further reading ==

Latest revision as of 03:23, 30 May 2016

Also known as: 连词 (liáncí).

Conjunctions in Chinese do exactly what they do in English: connect things. They help make the transition between ideas smoother and also show the relationships between those ideas.

Characteristics

Conjunctions can be used to connect words, phrases, clauses, and even entire sentences. They themselves cannot act as sentence elements. Instead, they come between the elements to connect them in some way. Unlike English, Chinese conjunctions need to have something next to them, so they cannot just be at the end of the sentence, as sometimes happens in English. Unlike adjectives and verbs, conjunctions are not reduplicated.

Functions

As said above, conjunctions connect ideas and can show the relationship between them. Some of the more commonly expressed relationships include coordination (and), causality (so), condition (because), supposition (if), alternation (or), and succession (then). Less common relationships include inference, transition, concession, enumeration, and progression.

See Also

  • Different ways to say 'and' (depending on the context)
  • Different ways to say 'if' (depending on the context)
  • Different ways to say 'or' (depending on the context)

Grammar Patterns for Conjunctions

A1 Conjunctions

Grammar Point (English) Pattern Examples
Expressing "and" with "he" Noun 1 + 和 + Noun 2 我 和 他 都 不 去。
Offering choices with "haishi" A + 还是 + B ? 你 要 喝 茶 还是 咖啡 ?

A2 Conjunctions

Grammar Point (English) Pattern Examples
Expressing "or" in statements ⋯⋯或者⋯⋯ 我 想 去 青岛 或者 南京。
Expressing "with" with "gen" 跟⋯⋯ + Verb 你 要 跟 我 一起 去 吗？
The filler word "neige" ⋯⋯那个⋯⋯ 那个⋯⋯你 可以 做 我 的 女 朋友 吗？
Two words for "but" ……，可是 / 但是…… 我 喜欢 他，可是/但是 他 不 喜欢 我。

B1 Conjunctions

Grammar Point (English) Pattern Examples
A softer "but" with "buguo" ⋯⋯ ，不过 ⋯⋯ 他 的 汉语 口语 不错 ，不过 不 认识 汉字 。
Expressing "how about" with "yaobu" Reason / Situation，要不 + Suggestion + 吧 下雨 了，要不 明天 再 去 吧 。
Expressing "in addition" with "haiyou" ⋯⋯ ，还有 ，⋯⋯ 你 需要 吃 药 。还有，要 多 休息 。
Expressing "in addition" with "lingwai" ⋯⋯ ，另外 ，⋯⋯ 希望 你 不要 再 迟到 了。另外，你 应该 穿 得 正式 一点 。
Expressing "in addition" with "zaishuo" ⋯⋯ ，再说 ，⋯⋯ 这么 晚 ，别 走 了 。再说 ，外面 还 在 下雨 。
Expressing "then…" with "name" 那么⋯⋯ 他 不 听 ，那 我 应该 怎么办 ？
Using "lai" to connect two verb phrases 通过 / 用 + Method + 来 + Verb Phrase 用 这 种 方法 来 赚钱 ，真 丢人 。

B2 Conjunctions

Grammar Point (English) Pattern Examples
Expressing "and then" with "yushi" ⋯⋯ ，于是 ⋯⋯ 他 实在 太 懒 了 ，于是 老板 把 他 辞 了 。
Using "er" to explain contrasting ideas Sentence 1， + 而 + Sentence 2 以后 后悔 的 人 不 是 我，而 是 你 自己。

C1 Conjunctions

Grammar Point (English) Pattern Examples
"In order to avoid" with "yimian" 以免 + Verb Phrase 这儿 有 高压电线，请 不要 靠近，以免 发生 危险。
Expressing "as well as" with "yiji" Subj. + 何必 + Predicate A ，B + 以及 + C
Expressing "in short" with "zongzhi" （⋯⋯ ，）总之 ，⋯⋯ 不管 他 的 理由 是 什么 ，总之 ，我 不会 再 相信 他 了 。
Indicating contrast with "ze" Clause 1，+ 则 + Clause 2 南方 人 喜欢 吃 甜 的 东西，北方 人 则 喜欢 吃 咸 的 东西。


Sources and further reading

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