Difference between revisions of "Result complements"

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{{Grammar Box}}  
 
{{Grammar Box}}  
  
结果补语在口语中十分常见,很多口语中常用的单音节形容词都可以做结果补语。
+
Result complements come immediately after verbs to indicate that an action has led to a certain result and make that result clear to the listener. Often the complement is simply an adjective like 好 (hǎo) or a single syllable like 完 (wán).
  
== Using Adjectives as Result Complement ==
+
== Using Adjectives ==
  
好 (hǎo): It implies that something is complete or done well.  
+
好 (hǎo) implies that something is done to ''completion'' or done ''well''. Forming a result complement with 好 has a very similar meaning to [["-wan" result complement|forming one with 完]]. It expresses that the action has been completed successfully.
Forming a [[result complement]] with 好 has a very similar meaning to [["-wan" result complement|forming one with 完]]. It expresses that the action has been completed successfully.
 
  
错 (cuò): It's used to express making mistakes.
+
错 (cuò) is used to express that an action has been performed incorrectly in some way, resulting in a mistake (). This pattern covers what is often expressed with the adverb "incorrectly" in English.
To express that an action resulted in an error, you can use a result complement with 错. This covers what is often expressed with the adverb "incorrectly" in English.
 
  
其他常见的做补语的形容词举例:晚、饱、坏、破、清楚、明白、干净等。
+
Other [[adjective]]s commonly used as result complements include: 晚 (wǎn), 饱 (bǎo), 坏 (huài), 清楚 (qīngchu), 干净 (gānjìng), 破 (pò).
  
 
=== Structure ===
 
=== Structure ===
  
When using result complements, it's very common to make the object a [[Topic-comment sentences|topic]]. This means the object is said first and the subject is often omitted:
+
For the basic structure, you'll almost always see a 了 after the complement:
  
 
<div class="jiegou">
 
<div class="jiegou">
 +
Subj. + Verb + Adj. + 了 (+ Obj.)
 +
</div>
  
Obj. + Verb + Adj. + 了
+
To negate a result complement, use 没 instead of 不:
  
 +
<div class="jiegou">
 +
Subj. + 没 + Verb + Adj. (+ Obj.)
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
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<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
  
*我们 吃 <em>好</em> 了 <span class="pinyin">Wǒmen chī <em>hǎo</em> le.</span><span class="trans">We finished eating.</span>
+
*吃 <em>好</em> <strong>了</strong> 吗 ?<span class="pinyin">chī <em>hǎo</em> <strong>le</strong> ma?</span><span class="trans">Are you done eating?</span>
*我 的 作业 做 <em></em> 了。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ de zuòyè zuò <em>hǎo</em> le.</span><span class="trans">I finished doing my homework.</span>
+
*对不起 ,我 记 <em></em> <strong></strong> 时间 。<span class="pinyin">Duìbuqǐ, wǒ jì <em>cuò</em> <strong>le</strong> shíjiān.</span><span class="trans">Sorry, I misremembered the time.</span>
*这 个 字 写 <em></em> 了。<span class="pinyin">Zhège zì xiě <em>cuò</em> le.</span><span class="trans">You wrote this character wrong.</span>
+
*你 来 <em></em> <strong></strong> ,我们 已经 关门 <strong></strong> 。<span class="pinyin">Nǐ lái <em>wǎn</em> <strong>le</strong>, wǒmen yǐjīng guānmén <strong>le</strong>.</span><span class="trans">You came too late. We're already closed.</span>
*我 记 <em></em> 了 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ jì <em>cuò</em> le.</span><span class="trans">I remembered wrongly.</span>
+
*玩 <em>坏</em> <strong>了</strong> 哥哥 的 玩具 。<span class="pinyin">wán <em>huài</em> <strong>le</strong> gēge de wánjù.</span><span class="trans">He broke his older brother's toy.</span>
*你 来 <em>晚</em> 了 。<span class="pinyin">Nǐ lái <em>wǎn</em> le.</span><span class="trans">You came late.</span>
+
*我 <strong>没</strong> 吃 <em></em> <span class="pinyin">Wǒ <strong>méi</strong> chī <em>bǎo</em>.</span><span class="trans">I didn't get full.</span>
*我 吃 <em>饱</em> 了 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ chī <em>bǎo</em> le.</span><span class="trans">I'm full.</span>
+
*他 还 <strong>没</strong> 想 <em></em> <span class="pinyin">Tā hái <strong>méi</strong> xiǎng <em>hǎo</em>.</span><span class="trans">He hasn't thought it through yet.</span>
*弟弟 玩 <em>坏</em> 了 哥哥 的 玩具 。 <span class="pinyin">Dìdi wán <em>huài</em> le gēge de wánjù.</span><span class="trans">.</span>
+
*我们 <strong></strong> <em>清楚</em> ,请 再 说 一遍 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒmen <strong>méi</strong> tīng <em>qīngchu</em>, qǐng zài shuō yī biàn.</span><span class="trans">We didn't hear it clearly. Please say it again.</span>
*宝宝 的 头 是 怎么 撞 <em></em> 的 ?<span class="pinyin">Bǎobǎo de tóu shì zěnme zhuàng <em></em> de?</span><span class="trans">.</span>
 
*杯子 是 谁 摔 <em></em> 的 ?<span class="pinyin">Bēizi shì shéi shuāi <em>huài</em> de?</span><span class="trans">.</span>
 
* 大家 都 听 <em>清楚</em> 了 吗 ? <span class="pinyin">Dàjiā dōu tīng <em>qīngchu</em> le ma?</span><span class="trans">Does everyone hear this clearly?</span>
 
*房间 你 打扫 <em>干净</em> 了 吗 ?<span class="pinyin">Fángjiān nǐ dǎsǎo <em>gānjìng</em> le ma?</span><span class="trans">Is your room all cleaned up? </span>
 
  
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
== Using One-syllable Verb as Result Complement ==
+
When using result complements, it's very common to make the object a [[Topic-comment sentences|topic]]. This means the object is moved to the beginning of the sentence and the subject is often omitted.
 +
 
 +
Some examples:
 +
 
 +
<div class="liju">
 +
*<strong>这 个 字</strong> 写 <em>错</em> 了。<span class="pinyin"><strong>Zhège zì</strong> xiě <em>cuò</em> le.</span><span class="trans">You wrote this character wrong.</span>
 +
*<strong>杯子</strong> 摔 <em>坏</em> 了 。<span class="pinyin"><strong>Bēizi</strong> shuāi <em>huài</em> le.</span><span class="trans">The cup is broken.</span>
 +
*<strong>房间</strong> 打扫 <em>干净</em> 了 吗 ?<span class="pinyin"><strong>Fángjiān</strong> dǎsǎo <em>gānjìng</em> le ma?</span><span class="trans">Is your room all cleaned up?</span>
 +
</div>
 +
 
 +
== Using One-Syllable Verbs ==
 +
 
 +
Besides adjectives, there are a few single-syllable verbs which can also be used as result complements. Some examples include [[Result complements "-dao" and "-jian"|到 (dào), 见 (jiàn)]], 懂 (dǒng), 会 (huì), 走 (zǒu), 掉 (diào). There really aren't a lot of these, which is part of the reason why these are usually seen as one verb instead of a verb-complement structure.
 +
 
 +
=== Structure ===
 +
 
 +
For the basic structure, you'll often see a 了 after the complement:
  
除了一些单音节形容词和双音节形容词可以做结果补语,少量单音节动词也可以做结果补语。如"见、懂、走、哭、掉、住"等,这类动词非常有限。
+
<div class="jiegou">
 +
Subj. + Verb + [One-syllable Verb] +了 (+ Obj.)
 +
</div>
  
 
=== Examples ===  
 
=== Examples ===  
 +
 +
<div class="liju">
 +
*你们 都 <em>听 懂</em> 了 吗 ?<span class="pinyin">Nǐmen dōu <em>tīng dǒng</em> le ma?</span><span class="trans">Do you all understand?</span>
 +
*我 看 了 ,但是 没 <em>看 懂</em> 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ kàn le, dànshì méi <em>kàn dǒng</em>.</span><span class="trans">I read it, but I didn't really understand it.</span>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<div class="liju">
 +
*你 <em>踩 到</em> 了 我 的 脚 。<span class="pinyin">Nǐ <em>cǎi dào</em> le wǒ de jiǎo.</span><span class="trans">You're stepping on my foot.</span>
 +
*我 不小心 <em>撞 到</em> 了 墙 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ bù xiǎoxīn <em>zhuàng dào</em> le qiáng.</span><span class="trans">I hit the wall by accident.</span>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<div class="liju">
 +
*我 女儿 <em>学 会</em> 了 数数 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ nǚ'ér <em>xué huì</em> le shǔ shù.</span><span class="trans">My daughter has learned how to count.</span>
 +
*我 爸爸 还 没 <em>学 会</em> 用 智能 手机 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ bàba hái méi <em>xué huì</em> yòng zhìnéng shǒujī.</span><span class="trans">My father hasn't learned how to use a smartphone yet.</span>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<div class="liju">
 +
*老师 <em>拿 走</em> 了 我 的 iPad 。<span class="pinyin">Lǎoshī <em>ná zǒu</em> le wǒ de iPad.</span><span class="trans">The teacher took away my iPad.</span>
 +
*小偷 <em>偷 走</em> 了 我 的 钱包 。<span class="pinyin">Xiǎotōu <em>tōu zǒu</em> le wǒ de qiánbāo.</span><span class="trans">The thief stole my wallet.</span>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<div class="liju">
 +
*他 不小心 <em>推 倒</em> 了 一 个 老人 。<span class="pinyin">Tā bù xiǎoxīn <em>tuī dǎo</em> le yī gè lǎorén.</span><span class="trans">He pushed over an old person by accident.</span>
 +
*你 <em>撞 倒</em> 了 我 的 自行车 。<span class="pinyin">Nǐ <em>zhuàng dǎo</em> le wǒ de zìxíngchē.</span><span class="trans">You knocked over my bike.</span>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<div class="liju">
 +
*谁 <em>扔 掉</em> 了 我 的 袜子 ?<span class="pinyin">Shéi <em>rēng diào</em> le wǒ de wàzi?</span><span class="trans">Who threw away my socks?</span>
 +
*我 <em>卖 掉</em> 了 我 的 旧 手机 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ <em>mài diào</em> le wǒ de jiù shǒujī.</span><span class="trans">I sold my old cell phone.</span>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
== Compared with Potential Complements ==
 +
 +
<div class="liju">
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable" style="width:40em"
 +
|+Result and Potential Complements
 +
|-
 +
! Result<br />Complement !! Aff. Potential<br />Complement !! Neg. Potential<br />Complement
 +
|-
 +
| 做 完 || 做 <em>得</em> 完 || 做 <em>不</em> 完
 +
|-
 +
|听 懂 || 听 <em>得</em> 懂 || 听 <em>不</em> 懂 
 +
|-
 +
| 看 清楚 || 看 <em>得</em> 清楚 || 看 <em>不</em> 清楚 
 +
|-
 +
| 洗 干净 ||洗 <em>得</em> 干净 || 洗 <em>不</em> 干净 
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
</div>
 +
 +
== Used in 把 Sentences ==
 +
 +
Although we have avoided [[Ba sentence|把 sentences]] in this article for the sake of simplicity, you may have noticed that sentences which feature result complements often also use 把. This is because 把 sentences and result complements work particularly well together, as they both deal with the result of an action or the "disposal" of an object. Apart from result complements involving perception and psychological verbs, most result compounds work nicely in 把 sentences.
  
 
<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
  
*老师 拿 <em></em> 了 我 的 iPad 。 <span class="pinyin">Lǎoshī ná <em>zǒu</em> le wǒ de iPad.</span><span class="trans">The teacher took away my iPad.</span>
+
* 我 <strong>把</strong> 杯子 <em>摔 坏</em> 了 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ <strong>bǎ</strong> bēizi <em>shuāi huài</em> le .</span><span class="trans">I broke the glass.</span>
*小偷 偷 <em></em> 的钱包 。 <span class="pinyin">Xiǎotōu tōu <em>zǒu</em> le wǒ de qiánbāo.</span><span class="trans">The thief stole my wallet.</span>
+
* <strong></strong> 我 的 电脑 <em>修 好</em> 了 。<span class="pinyin"><strong></strong> wǒ de diànnǎo <em>xiū hǎo</em> le .</span><span class="trans">He fixed my computer.</span>
*妹妹 吓 <em></em> 了 。 <span class="pinyin">Mèimei xià <em> </em> le.</span><span class="trans">My little sister was so scared that she cried.</span>
+
* 小偷 <strong></strong> 我 的 钱包 <em>偷 走</em> 了 。<span class="pinyin">Xiǎotōu <strong></strong> wǒ de qiánbāo <em>tōu zǒu</em> le .</span><span class="trans">The thief made off with my wallet.</span>
*请 关 <em></em> 手机 。 <span class="pinyin">Qǐng guān <em> diào</em> shǒujī.</span><span class="trans">Please turn off your phone.</span>
+
* 我们 <strong></strong> 房间 <em>打扫 干净</em> 了 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒmen <strong></strong> fángjiān <em>dǎsǎo gānjìng</em> le .</span><span class="trans">We've cleaned the room.</span>
*这些 照片 都 可以 删 <em>掉</em> 。 <span class="pinyin">Zhèxiē zhàopiàn dōu kěyǐ shān <em> diào</em>.</span><span class="trans">You can delete these pictures.</span>
 
*不要 了,扔 <em></em> 吧 。<span class="pinyin">Bù yào le, rēng <em>diào</em> bā.</span><span class="trans"> .</span>
 
*每 个 人 进门 以前 都 要 脱 <em>掉</em> 鞋 。<span class="pinyin">Měi gè rén jìnmén yǐqián dōu yào tuō <em>diào</em> xié.</span><span class="trans"> .</span>
 
  
==See also==
+
</div>
  
{{Similar|"-wan" result complement}}
+
== See also ==
{{Similar|Result complement "-qilai"}}
 
{{Similar|Result complement "-cuo"}}
 
  
As with all result complements, the -好 result complement works particularly well in a [[Ba sentence|把 sentence]].
+
* [[Result complement "xiaqu"]]
 +
* [[Advanced result complements]]
 +
* [[Result complement "-wan" for finishing]]
 +
* [[Result complements "dao" and "jian"]]
  
 
== Sources  and  further reading ==
 
== Sources  and  further reading ==
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===Books===
 
===Books===
  
* [[Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed)]] (pp. 43- 4) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0887276709/ref%3das_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=0887276709 →buy]
+
{{Source|HSK Standard Course 2|68}}
* [[Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1]] (pp. 233-4) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0887276792/ref%3das_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=0887276792 →buy]
+
{{Source|HSK Standard Course 3|4}}
 +
{{Source|A Practical Chinese Grammar For Foreigners (外国人实用汉语语法)|273 - 284}}
 +
{{Source|Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition|97-9}}
 +
{{Source|Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed)|43- 4}}
 +
{{Source|Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1|233-4}}
 +
{{Source|New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2)|87 - 88}}
 +
{{Source|New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) |35}}
 +
{{Source|40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册)|223}}
 +
 
 +
=== Websites ===
 +
 
 +
* Mandarin Essential Grammar (Yale): [http://comet.cls.yale.edu/mandarin/content/result/grammar/result.htm The Complement of Result]
  
  
 
[[Category:B1 grammar points]]
 
[[Category:B1 grammar points]]
 +
{{HSK|HSK2}}{{2021-HSK|HSK2}}
 +
{{HSK|HSK3}}
 
[[Category:Result complement]]
 
[[Category:Result complement]]
  
{{Basic Grammar|好|B1|Verb + 好|吃 <em>好</em> 了。|grammar point|ASGNNMST}}
+
{{Basic Grammar|好|B1|Verb + 好 / 完 / 错|我们 吃 <em>好</em> 了 。|grammar point|ASGNNMST}}
 
{{Rel char|了}}
 
{{Rel char|了}}
{{Similar|Result complement "-cuo"}}
 
 
{{Similar|"-wan" result complement}}
 
{{Similar|"-wan" result complement}}
 
{{Similar|Result complement "-qilai"}}
 
{{Similar|Result complement "-qilai"}}
{{Similar|Expressing Purpose with "hao"}}
+
{{Similar|Result complements "-dao" and "-jian"}}
 +
{{Similar|Potential complement "-bu dong" for not understanding}}
 +
{{Similar|Tricky uses of "dao"}}
 +
{{Similar|Advanced result complements}}
 
{{Used for|Expressing result}}
 
{{Used for|Expressing result}}
 
{{Used for|Describing actions}}
 
{{Used for|Describing actions}}

Latest revision as of 08:55, 21 April 2021

Result complements come immediately after verbs to indicate that an action has led to a certain result and make that result clear to the listener. Often the complement is simply an adjective like 好 (hǎo) or a single syllable like 完 (wán).

Using Adjectives

好 (hǎo) implies that something is done to completion or done well. Forming a result complement with 好 has a very similar meaning to forming one with 完. It expresses that the action has been completed successfully.

错 (cuò) is used to express that an action has been performed incorrectly in some way, resulting in a mistake (错). This pattern covers what is often expressed with the adverb "incorrectly" in English.

Other adjectives commonly used as result complements include: 晚 (wǎn), 饱 (bǎo), 坏 (huài), 清楚 (qīngchu), 干净 (gānjìng), 破 (pò).

Structure

For the basic structure, you'll almost always see a 了 after the complement:

Subj. + Verb + Adj. + 了 (+ Obj.)

To negate a result complement, use 没 instead of 不:

Subj. + 没 + Verb + Adj. (+ Obj.)

Examples

  • 你 吃 吗 ?Nǐ chī hǎo le ma?Are you done eating?
  • 对不起 ,我 记 时间 。Duìbuqǐ, wǒ jì cuò le shíjiān.Sorry, I misremembered the time.
  • 你 来 ,我们 已经 关门 Nǐ lái wǎn le, wǒmen yǐjīng guānmén le.You came too late. We're already closed.
  • 他 玩 哥哥 的 玩具 。Tā wán huài le gēge de wánjù.He broke his older brother's toy.
  • méi chī bǎo.I didn't get full.
  • 他 还 Tā hái méi xiǎng hǎo.He hasn't thought it through yet.
  • 我们 清楚 ,请 再 说 一遍 。Wǒmen méi tīng qīngchu, qǐng zài shuō yī biàn.We didn't hear it clearly. Please say it again.

When using result complements, it's very common to make the object a topic. This means the object is moved to the beginning of the sentence and the subject is often omitted.

Some examples:

  • 这 个 字 了。Zhège zì xiě cuò le.You wrote this character wrong.
  • 杯子 了 。Bēizi shuāi huài le.The cup is broken.
  • 房间 打扫 干净 了 吗 ?Fángjiān dǎsǎo gānjìng le ma?Is your room all cleaned up?

Using One-Syllable Verbs

Besides adjectives, there are a few single-syllable verbs which can also be used as result complements. Some examples include 到 (dào), 见 (jiàn), 懂 (dǒng), 会 (huì), 走 (zǒu), 掉 (diào). There really aren't a lot of these, which is part of the reason why these are usually seen as one verb instead of a verb-complement structure.

Structure

For the basic structure, you'll often see a 了 after the complement:

Subj. + Verb + [One-syllable Verb] +了 (+ Obj.)

Examples

  • 你们 都 听 懂 了 吗 ?Nǐmen dōu tīng dǒng le ma?Do you all understand?
  • 我 看 了 ,但是 没 看 懂Wǒ kàn le, dànshì méi kàn dǒng.I read it, but I didn't really understand it.
  • 踩 到 了 我 的 脚 。cǎi dào le wǒ de jiǎo.You're stepping on my foot.
  • 我 不小心 撞 到 了 墙 。Wǒ bù xiǎoxīn zhuàng dào le qiáng.I hit the wall by accident.
  • 我 女儿 学 会 了 数数 。Wǒ nǚ'ér xué huì le shǔ shù.My daughter has learned how to count.
  • 我 爸爸 还 没 学 会 用 智能 手机 。Wǒ bàba hái méi xué huì yòng zhìnéng shǒujī.My father hasn't learned how to use a smartphone yet.
  • 老师 拿 走 了 我 的 iPad 。Lǎoshī ná zǒu le wǒ de iPad.The teacher took away my iPad.
  • 小偷 偷 走 了 我 的 钱包 。Xiǎotōu tōu zǒu le wǒ de qiánbāo.The thief stole my wallet.
  • 他 不小心 推 倒 了 一 个 老人 。Tā bù xiǎoxīn tuī dǎo le yī gè lǎorén.He pushed over an old person by accident.
  • 撞 倒 了 我 的 自行车 。zhuàng dǎo le wǒ de zìxíngchē.You knocked over my bike.
  • 扔 掉 了 我 的 袜子 ?Shéi rēng diào le wǒ de wàzi?Who threw away my socks?
  • 卖 掉 了 我 的 旧 手机 。mài diào le wǒ de jiù shǒujī.I sold my old cell phone.

Compared with Potential Complements

Result and Potential Complements
Result
Complement
Aff. Potential
Complement
Neg. Potential
Complement
做 完
听 懂
看 清楚 清楚 清楚
洗 干净 干净 干净

Used in 把 Sentences

Although we have avoided 把 sentences in this article for the sake of simplicity, you may have noticed that sentences which feature result complements often also use 把. This is because 把 sentences and result complements work particularly well together, as they both deal with the result of an action or the "disposal" of an object. Apart from result complements involving perception and psychological verbs, most result compounds work nicely in 把 sentences.

  • 杯子 摔 坏 了 。 bēizi shuāi huài le .I broke the glass.
  • 我 的 电脑 修 好 了 。 wǒ de diànnǎo xiū hǎo le .He fixed my computer.
  • 小偷 我 的 钱包 偷 走 了 。Xiǎotōu wǒ de qiánbāo tōu zǒu le .The thief made off with my wallet.
  • 我们 房间 打扫 干净 了 。Wǒmen fángjiān dǎsǎo gānjìng le .We've cleaned the room.

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

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