Difference between revisions of "The "shi... de" construction for emphasizing details"

m (Text replacement - "{{HSK|HSK1}}" to "{{HSK|HSK1}}{{2021-HSK|HSK1}}")
 
(148 intermediate revisions by 4 users not shown)
Line 3: Line 3:
 
{{AKA|是⋯⋯的结构 (shì...  de jiégòu)|是⋯⋯的 sentence|是⋯⋯的 pattern}}
 
{{AKA|是⋯⋯的结构 (shì...  de jiégòu)|是⋯⋯的 sentence|是⋯⋯的 pattern}}
  
The 是⋯⋯的 (shì... de) construction is used to draw particular attention to certain information in a sentence. It's often used to ask questions that seek specific information, or to explain a situation by emphasizing a particular detail.
+
The 是⋯⋯的 (shì... de) construction is used to draw attention to certain information in a sentence. It's often used to ask questions that seek specific information, or to explain a situation by emphasizing a particular detail. While not strictly tied to any "tense," the 是⋯⋯的 construction is frequently used when asking or telling ''details'' about the past.
  
While not strictly tied to any "tense," the 是⋯⋯的 construction is frequently used when asking details about the past or telling details about the past.
+
This use of 是⋯⋯的 (shì... de) is usually emphasized in textbooks over other uses, and therefore is sometimes called the "classic" 是⋯⋯的 construction.
  
== When to Use it ==
+
== When to Use It ==
  
Singling out Details for Emphasis
+
Even if you understand that 了 is not used to mark "past tense" in Chinese, it's possible that you incorrectly use it that way sometimes. For example, what if you want to ask a question about something that happened in the past? Would you ever say one of the following sentences?
  
 
<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
* A: 明天 我 要 去 杭州 。<span class="pinyin">A: Míngtiān wǒ yào qù Hángzhōu.</span><span class="trans">I will go to Hangzhou tomorrow.</span>
+
 
* B: 怎么 去 ?<span class="pinyin">B: zěnme qù?</span><span class="trans">How will you get there?</span>
+
<ul>
* A: 我 坐 火车 去 。<span class="pinyin">A : Wǒ zuò huǒchē qù.</span><span class="trans">I will go by train.</span>
+
<li class="x">你 昨天 <strong>几点</strong> 到 <em>了</em> ?<span class="pinyin">Nǐ zuótiān <strong>jǐ diǎn</strong> dào <em>le</em>?</span><span class="trans">What time did you arrive yesterday?</span></li>
 +
<li class="x">跟 <strong>谁</strong> <em>了</em> ?<span class="pinyin">Nǐ gēn <strong>shéi</strong> <em>le</em>?</span><span class="trans">Who did you go with?</span></li>
 +
<li class="x">他 <strong>用 什么</strong> 打 你 <em>了</em> ?<span class="pinyin">Tā <strong>yòng shénme</strong> dǎ nǐ <em>le</em>?</span><span class="trans">What did he use to hit you?</span></li>
 +
</ul>
 +
 
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
 +
In each of these sentences above, 了 is not the right choice, because you're not asking if an event happened or not. You're asking about details of past events. When you are singling out details for emphasis--in a question or a statement--you need to use the 是⋯⋯的 construction.
  
 
A 是⋯⋯的 construction can pick out any detail that's related to a past event. Whatever comes immediately after 是 is emphasized. Check out this example:
 
A 是⋯⋯的 construction can pick out any detail that's related to a past event. Whatever comes immediately after 是 is emphasized. Check out this example:
  
 
<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
* A: 昨天 我 去 杭州 了。<span class="pinyin">A: Zuótiān wǒ qù Hángzhōu le.</span><span class="trans">I will go to Hangzhou tomorrow.</span>
+
 
* B: 你 是 怎么 去 的 ?<span class="pinyin">B: Nǐ shì zěnme qù de?</span><span class="trans">How did you get there?</span>
+
<ul class="dialog">
* A: 我 是 坐 火车 去 的 。<span class="pinyin">A : Wǒ shì zuò huǒchē qù de.</span><span class="trans">I went by train.</span>
+
<li><span class="speaker">A:</span> 昨天 我 去 杭州 了。<span class="pinyin">Zuótiān wǒ qù Hángzhōu le.</span><span class="trans">I went to Hangzhou yesterday.</span></li>
 +
<li><span class="speaker">B:</span> <em></em> <strong>怎么</strong> <em></em> ?<span class="pinyin">Nǐ <em>shì</em> <strong>zěnme</strong> <em>de</em>?</span><span class="trans">How did you get there?</span></li>
 +
<li><span class="speaker">A:</span> <em></em> <strong>坐 火车</strong> <em></em> 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ <em>shì</em> <strong>zuò huǒchē </strong> <em>de</em>.</span><span class="trans">I went by train.</span></li>
 +
</ul>
 +
 
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
== Basic Usage ==
+
Now let's revisit those other three sentences and ask the questions correctly with 是⋯⋯的:
  
是 ⋯⋯的 is not generally used for reporting new information, but for adding important details that make the information clearer. You could think of 是⋯⋯的 as being equivalent to saying one of the following in English:
+
<div class="liju">
  
* "The situation is that"
+
<ul>
 +
<li class="o">你 昨天 <em>是</em> <strong>几点</strong> 到 <em>的</em> ?<span class="pinyin">Nǐ zuótiān <em>shì</em> <strong>jǐ diǎn</strong> dào <em>de</em>?</span><span class="trans">What time did you arrive yesterday?</span></li>
 +
<li class="o">你 <em>是</em> <strong>跟 谁</strong> 去 <em>的</em> ?<span class="pinyin">Nǐ <em>shì</em> <strong>gēn shéi </strong> qù <em>de</em>?</span><span class="trans">Who did you go with?</span></li>
 +
<li class="o">他 <em>是</em> <strong>用 什么</strong> 打 你 <em>的</em> ?<span class="pinyin">Tā <em>shì</em> <strong>yòng shénme</strong> dǎ nǐ <em>de</em>?</span><span class="trans">What did he use to hit you?</span></li>
 +
</ul>
 +
 
 +
</div>
 +
 
 +
== Affirmative Form ==
 +
 
 +
是⋯⋯的 is not generally used for reporting new information but for adding important details that make the information clearer. You could think of 是⋯⋯的 as being equivalent to saying one of the following in English:
 +
 
 +
* "The situation is that..."
 
* "It's that... "
 
* "It's that... "
 
* "It was...  that... "
 
* "It was...  that... "
Line 44: Line 66:
  
 
<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
*你们 <em>是</em> <strong>什么 时候</strong> <em>的</em> ?<span class="expl">Emphasizing "when"</span><span class="pinyin">Nǐmen <em>shì</em> <strong>shénme shíhou</strong> lái <em>de</em>?</span><span class="trans">When did you come?</span>
+
 
*我们 <em>是</em> <strong>昨天</strong> <em>的</em> 。<span class="expl">"Yesterday" is emphasized.</span><span class="pinyin">Wǒmen <em>shì</em> <strong>zuótiān</strong> lái <em>de</em>.</span><span class="trans">We came yesterday.</span>
+
<ul class="dialog">
 +
<li><span class="speaker">A:</span> 你们 <em>是</em> <strong>什么 时候</strong> <em>的</em> ?<span class="expl">Emphasizing "when"</span><span class="pinyin">Nǐmen <em>shì</em> <strong>shénme shíhou</strong> dào <em>de</em>?</span><span class="trans">When did you guys arrive?</span></li>
 +
<li><span class="speaker">B:</span> 我们 <em>是</em> <strong>昨天</strong> <em>的</em> 。<span class="expl">"Yesterday" is emphasized.</span><span class="pinyin">Wǒmen <em>shì</em> <strong>zuótiān</strong> dào <em>de</em>.</span><span class="trans">We arrived yesterday.</span></li>
 +
</ul>
 +
 
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
 
<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
*你 <em>是</em> <strong>在 哪儿</strong> 出生 <em>的</em> ?<span class="expl">"Where" is emphasized.</span><span class="pinyin">Nǐ <em>shì</em> <strong>zài nǎr</strong> chūshēng <em>de</em>?</span><span class="trans">Where were you born?</span>
+
 
*我 <em>是</em> <strong>在 中国</strong> 出生 <em>的</em> 。<span class="expl">"In China" is emphasized.</span><span class="pinyin">Wǒ <em>shì</em> <strong>zài Zhōngguó</strong> chūshēng <em>de</em>.</span><span class="trans">I was born in China.</span>
+
<ul class="dialog">
 +
<li><span class="speaker">A:</span> 你 <em>是</em> <strong>在 哪儿</strong> 出生 <em>的</em> ?<span class="expl">"Where" is emphasized.</span><span class="pinyin">Nǐ <em>shì</em> <strong>zài nǎr</strong> chūshēng <em>de</em>?</span><span class="trans">Where were you born?</span></li>
 +
<li><span class="speaker">B:</span> 我 <em>是</em> <strong>在 香港</strong> 出生 <em>的</em> 。<span class="expl">"In Hong Kong" is emphasized.</span><span class="pinyin">Wǒ <em>shì</em> <strong>zài Xiānggǎng</strong> chūshēng <em>de</em>.</span><span class="trans">I was born in Hong Kong.</span></li>
 +
</ul>
 +
 
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
 +
Although this structure is called the 是⋯⋯的 construction, the 是 is nearly always optional. You will often hear this structure with 是 omitted, so be aware. The only time 是 is required in this construction is when it's being negated. Other than that, 是 is commonly omitted.
  
 
<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
*你 <em></em> <strong>怎么</strong> 来 <em>的</em> ?<span class="expl">Emphasizing "how" or "in what manner"</span><span class="pinyin">Nǐ <em>shì</em> <strong>zěnme</strong> lái <em>de</em>?</span><span class="trans">How did you come?</span>
+
 
*我 <em></em> <strong>坐 飞机</strong> 来 <em>的</em> 。<span class="expl">Emphasizing "by plane"</span><span class="pinyin">Wǒ <em>shì</em> <strong>zuò fēijī</strong> lái <em>de</em>.</span><span class="trans">I came by plane.</span>
+
<ul class="dialog">
 +
<li><span class="speaker">A:</span> <strong>骑 自行车</strong> 来 <em>的</em> ?<span class="expl">Emphasizing "by bike"</span><span class="pinyin">Nǐ <strong>qí zìxíngchē</strong> lái <em>de</em> ma?</span><span class="trans">Did you come by bike? </span></li>
 +
<li><span class="speaker">B:</span> <strong></strong> 来 <em>的</em> 。<span class="expl">Emphasizing "by foot"</span><span class="pinyin">Wǒ <strong>zǒu</strong> lái <em>de</em>.</span><span class="trans">I came by foot.</span></li>
 +
</ul>
 +
 
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
 
<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
*<em></em> 谁 告诉 你 <em>的</em> ?<span class="expl">Emphasizing "who"</span><span class="pinyin"><em>Shì</em> shéi gàosu nǐ <em>de</em>?</span><span class="trans">Who was it that told you? </span>
+
 
*<em></em> <strong>一 个 同事</strong> 告诉 我 <em>的</em> 。<span class="expl">Emphasizing "a colleague"</span><span class="pinyin"><em>Shì</em> <strong>gè tóngshì</strong> gàosu wǒ<em>de</em>.</span><span class="trans">It was a colleague that told me.</span>
+
<ul class="dialog">
 +
<li><span class="speaker">A:</span> <strong>谁</strong> 告诉 你 <em>的</em> ?<span class="expl">Emphasizing "who"</span><span class="pinyin"><strong>Shéi</strong> gàosu nǐ <em>de</em>?</span><span class="trans">Who told you? </span></li>
 +
<li><span class="speaker">B:</span> <strong>一 个 同事</strong> 告诉 我 <em>的</em> 。<span class="expl">Emphasizing "a colleague"</span><span class="pinyin"><strong>gè tóngshì</strong> gàosu wǒ <em>de</em>.</span><span class="trans">A colleague told me.</span></li>
 +
</ul>
 +
 
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
You might be wondering, "can I still say the same thing without the 是 and the 的?" The answer is that in most cases, ''no, not really''. While the 是 can sometimes be dropped, these examples sound weird without the 的. It's just a part of learning to ask questions naturally in Mandarin. You don't have to learn a "past tense," but you do have to learn this way of asking for details about the past, sooner or later.
+
You might be wondering, "can I still say the same thing without the 是 and the 的?" The answer is that in most cases, ''no, not really''. While the 是 can sometimes be dropped, these examples sound weird without the 的. It's just a part of learning to ask questions naturally in Mandarin. You don't have to learn a "past tense," but you do have to learn this way of asking for details about the past sooner or later.
  
Although this structure is called the 是⋯⋯的 construction, the 是 is nearly always optional. You will often hear this structure with 是 omitted, so be aware. The only time 是 is required in this construction is when it's being negated. Other than that, 是 is commonly omitted.
+
== Negative Form ==
  
== Negative Form ==
+
是⋯⋯的 sentences can only be negated with 不, as 没 can not be used to negate 是. Remember that you need ''both'' the 不 ''and'' the 是 together to make the correct negative form.
  
是⋯⋯的 sentences can only be negated with 不, as 没 can not be used to negate 是. Place 不 before 是 as you would in a standard sentence.
+
Some examples:
  
 
<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
  
*我们 <strong></strong> <em>坐 火车</em> 来 的 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒmen <strong></strong> shì zuò huǒchē lái de.</span><span class="trans">We didn't come by train.</span>
+
<ul>
*我 <strong></strong> <em>跟 他</em> 一起 去 的 。<span class="pinyin"><strong></strong> shì <em>gēn tā</em> yīqǐ qù de.</span><span class="trans">I didn't go together with him.</span>
+
<li class="o">他们 <em>不是</em> <strong>在 网上</strong> 认识 <em></em> 。<span class="pinyin">Tāmen <em>bù shì</em> <strong>zài wǎngshàng</strong> rènshi <em>de</em>.</span><span class="trans">They didn't meet online.</span></li>
*我们 <strong></strong> 是 <em>在 大学</em> 认识 的 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒmen <strong></strong> shì <em>zài dàxué</em> rènshi de.</span><span class="trans">We didn't meet in college.</span>
+
<li class="o">他 <em>不是</em> <strong>跟 我们 一起</strong> <em></em> 。<span class="pinyin">Tā <em>bù shì</em> <strong>gēn wǒmen  yīqǐ</strong> <em>de</em>.</span><span class="trans">He didn't go with us.</span></li>
 +
<li class="x">我 <em>不</em> <strong>坐 地铁</strong> 来 <em>的</em> 。<span class="expl">The is missing</span><span class="pinyin">Wǒ <em>bù</em> <strong>zuò dìtiě</strong> lái <em>de</em>.</span><span class="trans">I didn't come by metro.</span></li>
 +
<li class="x">我 <em>不</em> <strong>在 中国</strong> 出生 <em>的</em> <span class="expl">The 是 is missing</span><span class="pinyin">Wǒ <em>bù</em> <strong>zài Zhōngguó</strong> chūshēng <em>de</em>. </span><span class="trans">I wasn't born in China.</span></li>
 +
</ul>
  
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
Note that negating a 是⋯⋯的 construction creates the implication that the action in the sentence ''was'' carried out, and only the detail emphasized by 是⋯⋯的 is being denied. So, in the last sentence, the implication is that didn't go out with , but ''did'' go out with ''someone''. So negative 是⋯⋯的 constructions would work nicely in the final scenes of detective dramas.
+
Note that negating a 是⋯⋯的 construction creates the implication that the action in the sentence ''was'' carried out, and only the detail emphasized by 是⋯⋯的 is being denied. So, in the second sentence, the implication is that didn't go with 我们, but ''did'' go out with ''someone''. So negative 是⋯⋯的 constructions would work nicely in the final scenes of detective dramas.
  
 
== Used in a Question ==
 
== Used in a Question ==
Line 86: Line 129:
  
 
* With a [[Interrogative Sentences#Question particles|question particle]]
 
* With a [[Interrogative Sentences#Question particles|question particle]]
 +
* Within [[affirmative-negative questions]]
 
* With a [[Word order#Using question words in a Chinese sentence|question word]]
 
* With a [[Word order#Using question words in a Chinese sentence|question word]]
* Within [[affirmative-negative questions]]
+
 
 +
Some examples:
  
 
<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
  
*他 是 <em>坐飞机</em> 去 的 <strong>吗</strong> <span class="pinyin">Tā shì zuò fēijī qù de  <strong>ma</strong>?</span><span class="trans">Did he go by plane?</span>
+
*她 <strong>用 邮件</strong> 回复 <em></em> 吗 ?<span class="expl">吗 is a question particle</span><span class="pinyin">Tā <strong>yòng yóujiàn</strong> huífù <em>de</em> ma?</span><span class="trans">Did she reply by email?</span>
*你们 <strong>是 不 是</strong> <em>去年</em> 认识 的 ?<span class="pinyin">Nǐmen <strong>shì bu shì</strong> <em>qùnián</em> rènshi de?</span><span class="trans">Did you meet each other last year?</span>
+
*你们 <em>是 不 是</em> <strong>去年</strong> 认识 <em></em> ?<span class="expl">是不是 is an affirmative-negative pattern</span><span class="pinyin">Nǐmen <em>shì bu shì</em> <strong>qùnián</strong> rènshi <em>de</em>?</span><span class="trans">Did you meet each other last year?</span>
*你 的 车 是 <em>在 哪儿</em> 买 的 ?<span class="pinyin">Nǐ de chē shì <em>zài nǎr</em> mǎi de?</span><span class="trans">Where did you buy your car?</span>
+
*这个 东西 <strong>多少钱</strong> 买 <em></em> <span class="expl">多少 is a question word</span><span class="pinyin">Zhège dōngxi <strong>duōshao qián</strong> mǎi <em>de</em>?</span><span class="trans">How much did you buy this thing for?</span>
*这个 东西 <em>多少钱</em> 买 的 ?<span class="pinyin">Zhège dōngxi <em>duōshǎo qián</em> mǎi de?</span><span class="trans">How much did this thing cost?</span>
 
  
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
== Where to Put 的 When  there's an Object ==
+
== Is 是 always optional? ==
  
Up till now we've said that 的 appears at the end of the sentence in a 是⋯⋯  的 construction. This is very often the case. However, if there's an object, 的 can appear before the object.
+
Generally, 是 can be omitted, and the meaning will not change. However, in a small number of cases, omitting 是 will make it unclear which part of the sentence is being emphasized. In these cases, 是 clearly indicates which words are being emphasized. Take a look at this example:
  
For example:
+
<div class="liju">
 +
 
 +
* 你 上周 和 他 去 北京 <em>的</em> 吗 ?<span class="pinyin">Nǐ shàng zhōu hé tā qù Běijīng  <em>de</em> ma?</span><span class="trans">Did you go to Beijing with him last weekend?</span>
 +
 
 +
</div>
 +
 
 +
This sentence could emphasize 上周 (time), or 和他 (part of the subject). A simple 是 can make clear which one the speaker is emphasizing.
  
 
<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
  
*我 <em>是</em> 在 加拿大 学 <em>的</em> <strong>英语</strong><span class="expl">the 的 comes before the object 英语</span><span class="trans">I studied English in Canada.</span>
+
<ul>
*我 <em>是</em> 在 加拿大 学 <strong>英语</strong> <em>的</em><span class="expl">the 的 comes after the object 英语</span><span class="trans">I studied English in Canada.</span>
+
<li class="o">你 <em>是</em> <strong>上周</strong> 和 他 去 北京 <em>的</em> 吗 ?<span class="expl">上周 is emphasized</span><span class="pinyin"> Nǐ <em>shì</em> <strong>shàng zhōu</strong> hé tā qù Běijīng <em>de </em> ma?</span><span class="trans">Was it last week that you went to Beijing with him?</span></li>
 +
<li class="o">你 上周 <em>是</em> <strong>和他</strong> 去 北京 <em>的</em> 吗 ?<span class="expl">和他 is emphasized</span><span class="pinyin">Nǐ shàng zhōu <em>shì</em> <strong>hé tā</strong> qù Běijīng <em>de</em> ma?</span><span class="trans">Was it him that you went to Beijing with last week?</span></li>
 +
</ul>
  
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
Note that if the object is a person, has to go at the end of the sentence. Otherwise it can go before the object or at the end of the sentence.
+
== Position of 的 ==
 +
 
 +
Until now we've said that the 的 appears at the end of the sentence in a 是⋯⋯的 construction. This is very often the case. However, it can actually appear in one of two places. Take a look at the examples below:
  
 
<div class="liju">
 
<div class="liju">
  
 
<ul>
 
<ul>
<li class="x"><em>是</em> 在 法国 认识 <em></em> <strong></strong>。<span class="expl">the 的 cannot come before the object 她</span><span class="trans">I met her in France.</span></li>
+
<li class="o">我们 <em>是</em> <strong>用 Skype</strong> <strong></strong> <em>的</em> 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒmen <em>shì</em> <strong>yòng Skype</strong> kāi <strong>huì</strong> <em>de</em>.</span><span class="trans">We had a meeting by Skype.</span></li>
<li class="o"><em>是</em> 在 法国 认识 <strong></strong> <em>的</em>。<span class="expl">the 的 can only come after the object 她</span><span class="trans">I met her in France.</span></li>
+
<li class="o">我们 <em>是</em> <strong>用 Skype</strong> <em>的</em> <strong>会</strong> 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒmen <em>shì</em> <strong>yòng Skype</strong> kāi <em>de</em> <strong>huì</strong>.</span><span class="trans">We had a meeting by Skype.</span></li>
 
</ul>
 
</ul>
  
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
=== Completed Action ===
+
As you can see, when the verb is followed by an object, 的 can go before ''or'' after the object. Both sentences are grammatically correct, but the first the sentence could be referring to either a specific event in the past or habitual actions.
  
It's important to note that a 是⋯⋯的 construction also indicates that an action has been completed. However, this is not the purpose of a 是⋯⋯的 construction. The association with a completed action is more like a ''side effect'' of 是 ⋯⋯ 的. This means you shouldn't use 是 ⋯⋯ 的 just to indicate that an action is completed. Use the [[aspect particle 了]] for that. Instead, use 是 ⋯⋯ 的 to draw attention to particular features of the action.
+
Take a look at these two sentences which remove the ambiguity by including a bit more information about the timeframe:
  
== See Also ==
+
<div class="liju">
 +
* <strong>那次</strong> 我们  <em>是</em> <strong>用 Skype</strong> 开 <strong>会</strong> <em>的</em> 。<span class="pinyin"> <strong>Nà cì</strong> wǒmen <em>shì</em> <strong>yòng Skype</strong> kāi <strong>huì</strong> <em>de</em>.</span><span class="trans">That time we had the meeting by Skype.</span>
 +
* 我们 <strong>平时</strong> <em>是</em> <strong>用 Skype</strong> 开 <strong>会</strong> <em>的</em> 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒmen <strong>píngshí</strong> <em>shì</em> <strong>yòng Skype</strong> kāi <strong>huì</strong> <em>de</em>.</span><span class="trans">We usually have meetings by Skype.</span>
 +
</div>
 +
 
 +
For the most part, you should be fine regularly putting 的 at the end of your 是……的 sentences. Just be aware that there is some potential for ambiguity in certain situations. If you don't want to move 的 around, then including a bit of extra information about time can keep things clear.
 +
 
 +
== Completed Action ==
 +
 
 +
It's important to note that while the 是⋯⋯的 construction also indicates that an action has been completed, this is not the ''purpose'' of a 是⋯⋯的 construction. The completed action part is more like a ''prerequisite'' for using 是⋯⋯的. This means you shouldn't use 是⋯⋯的 just to indicate that an action is completed. Use the [[aspect particle 了]] for that. Instead, use 是⋯⋯的 to draw attention to certain details of a completed action.
 +
 
 +
== See also ==
  
 
*[[的 (modal particle)]]
 
*[[的 (modal particle)]]
 
*[[Adding emphasis with "jiushi"]]
 
*[[Adding emphasis with "jiushi"]]
*[[Uses of "shi ⋯⋯ de"]]
+
*[[The "shi... de" patterns: an overview]]
*[[Editing Indicating purpose or intent using "shi...de"]]
+
*[[The "shi... de" construction for indicating purpose]]
  
 
== Sources and Further Reading ==
 
== Sources and Further Reading ==
Line 137: Line 202:
 
=== Books ===
 
=== Books ===
  
 +
{{Source|HSK Standard Course 1|114}}
 
{{Source|A Practical Chinese Grammar For Foreigners (外国人实用汉语语法)|577-9}}
 
{{Source|A Practical Chinese Grammar For Foreigners (外国人实用汉语语法)|577-9}}
* [[Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar]] (pp. 54-5) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1933330899/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399373&creativeASIN=1933330899 →buy]
+
{{Source|Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar|54-5}}
* [[Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition]] (pp. 46-7, 173-80) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0415372615/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=0415372615 →buy]
+
{{Source|Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition|46-7, 173-80}}
* [[Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级) ]] (pp. 319-22) [http://www.amazon.cn/gp/product/B004WA6JSQ/ref%3das_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B004WA6JSQ →buy]
+
{{Source|Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级) |319-22}}
* [[Contemporary Chinese 2 (当代中文2)]] (pp. 46) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/7800529029/ref%3das_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=7800529029 →buy]
+
{{Source|Contemporary Chinese 2 (当代中文2)|46}}
* [[Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed)]] (pp. 119-121) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0887276709/ref%3das_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=0887276709 →buy]
+
{{Source|Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed)|119-121}}
* [[Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1]] (pp. 14-6) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0887276792/ref%3das_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=0887276792 →buy]
+
{{Source|Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1|14-6}}
* [[Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2]] (pp. 152-4) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0887276881/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0887276881 →buy]
+
{{Source|Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2|152-4}}
* [[Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar]] (pp. 587-94) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0520066103?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0520066103 →buy]
+
{{Source|Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar|587-94}}
* [[Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide]] (pp. 233-5) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0415700108?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0415700108 →buy]
+
{{Source|Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide|233-5}}
* [[New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2)]] (pp. 88-9, 153) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/7561911297/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=7561911297 →buy]
+
{{Source|New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2)|88-9, 153}}
* [[New Practical Chinese Reader 4 (新实用汉语课本4) ]] (pp. 204-5) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/7561913192/ref%3das_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=7561913192 →buy]
+
{{Source|New Practical Chinese Reader 4 (新实用汉语课本4) |204-5}}
* [[Short-term Spoken Chinese: Threshold Vol. 2 (汉语口语入门篇下) ]] (pp. 66-8) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/7561913656/ref%3das_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=7561913656 →buy]
+
{{Source|Short-term Spoken Chinese: Threshold Vol. 2 (汉语口语入门篇下) |66-8}}
*[[40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课下册)]] (p. 530)[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B001FTL8D8/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B001FTL8D8&linkCode=as2&tag=allset-20 →buy]
+
{{Source|40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课下册)|530}}
*[[40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册)]] (p. 205)[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B001FTL8D8/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B001FTL8D8&linkCode=as2&tag=allset-20 →buy]
+
{{Source|40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册)|205}}
  
 
=== Websites ===
 
=== Websites ===
  
 
* University website: [http://www.ctcfl.ox.ac.uk/Lang%20work/Grammar%20database/grammar_database1.htm#The%20shi%20⋯⋯ %20de%20%20construction The shi... de  construction]
 
* University website: [http://www.ctcfl.ox.ac.uk/Lang%20work/Grammar%20database/grammar_database1.htm#The%20shi%20⋯⋯ %20de%20%20construction The shi... de  construction]
* East Asia Student: [http://eastasiastudent.net/2713/china/mandarin/cmn-grammar/shi-de-construction/ The 是 … 的 construction in Mandarin]
 
  
 +
[[Category:B1 grammar points]]
 +
{{HSK|HSK1}}{{2021-HSK|HSK1}}
 
[[Category:Structures]]
 
[[Category:Structures]]
{{Similar|Indicating purpose or intent using "shi...de"}}
 
{{Similar|的 (modal particle)}}
 
 
{{Used for|Emphasizing}}
 
{{Used for|Emphasizing}}
 
{{Used for|Referring to the past}}
 
{{Used for|Referring to the past}}
{{Basic Grammar|是|B1|是⋯⋯ 的|你 <em>是</em> 怎么 来 <em>的</em>?|grammar point|ASG8YTSF}}
+
{{Basic Grammar|是|B1|是⋯⋯ 的|你 <em>是</em> 怎么 来 <em>的</em>?|grammar point|ASGE662E}}
 +
{{Similar|The "shi... de" construction for indicating purpose}}
 +
{{Similar|The "shi... de" patterns: an overview}}
 +
{{Similar|的 (modal particle)}}
 
{{Rel char|的}}
 
{{Rel char|的}}
 
{{Structure|Sentence Patterns}}
 
{{Structure|Sentence Patterns}}

Latest revision as of 09:23, 20 April 2021

Also known as: 是⋯⋯的结构 (shì... de jiégòu), 是⋯⋯的 sentence and 是⋯⋯的 pattern.

The 是⋯⋯的 (shì... de) construction is used to draw attention to certain information in a sentence. It's often used to ask questions that seek specific information, or to explain a situation by emphasizing a particular detail. While not strictly tied to any "tense," the 是⋯⋯的 construction is frequently used when asking or telling details about the past.

This use of 是⋯⋯的 (shì... de) is usually emphasized in textbooks over other uses, and therefore is sometimes called the "classic" 是⋯⋯的 construction.

When to Use It

Even if you understand that 了 is not used to mark "past tense" in Chinese, it's possible that you incorrectly use it that way sometimes. For example, what if you want to ask a question about something that happened in the past? Would you ever say one of the following sentences?

  • 你 昨天 几点Nǐ zuótiān jǐ diǎn dào le?What time did you arrive yesterday?
  • 你 跟 Nǐ gēn shéile?Who did you go with?
  • 用 什么 打 你 yòng shénme dǎ nǐ le?What did he use to hit you?

In each of these sentences above, 了 is not the right choice, because you're not asking if an event happened or not. You're asking about details of past events. When you are singling out details for emphasis--in a question or a statement--you need to use the 是⋯⋯的 construction.

A 是⋯⋯的 construction can pick out any detail that's related to a past event. Whatever comes immediately after 是 is emphasized. Check out this example:

  • A: 昨天 我 去 杭州 了。Zuótiān wǒ qù Hángzhōu le.I went to Hangzhou yesterday.
  • B: 怎么shì zěnmede?How did you get there?
  • A: 坐 火车shì zuò huǒchē de.I went by train.

Now let's revisit those other three sentences and ask the questions correctly with 是⋯⋯的:

  • 你 昨天 几点Nǐ zuótiān shì jǐ diǎn dào de?What time did you arrive yesterday?
  • 跟 谁shì gēn shéi de?Who did you go with?
  • 用 什么 打 你 shì yòng shénme dǎ nǐ de?What did he use to hit you?

Affirmative Form

是⋯⋯的 is not generally used for reporting new information but for adding important details that make the information clearer. You could think of 是⋯⋯的 as being equivalent to saying one of the following in English:

  • "The situation is that..."
  • "It's that... "
  • "It was... that... "

Structure

Subj. + 是 + [Information to be Emphasized] + Verb + 的

This structure can be used to emphasize any detail, but most commonly it emphasizes time, manner, or place. Don't worry if this still seems a little confusing; lots of helpful examples are coming up!

Examples

  • A: 你们 什么 时候Emphasizing "when"Nǐmen shì shénme shíhou dào de?When did you guys arrive?
  • B: 我们 昨天"Yesterday" is emphasized.Wǒmen shì zuótiān dào de.We arrived yesterday.
  • A: 在 哪儿 出生 "Where" is emphasized.shì zài nǎr chūshēng de?Where were you born?
  • B: 在 香港 出生 "In Hong Kong" is emphasized.shì zài Xiānggǎng chūshēng de.I was born in Hong Kong.

Although this structure is called the 是⋯⋯的 construction, the 是 is nearly always optional. You will often hear this structure with 是 omitted, so be aware. The only time 是 is required in this construction is when it's being negated. Other than that, 是 is commonly omitted.

  • A:骑 自行车 吗 ?Emphasizing "by bike"qí zìxíngchē lái de ma?Did you come by bike?
  • B:Emphasizing "by foot"zǒu lái de.I came by foot.
  • A: 告诉 你 Emphasizing "who"Shéi gàosu nǐ de?Who told you?
  • B: 一 个 同事 告诉 我 Emphasizing "a colleague"Yī gè tóngshì gàosu wǒ de.A colleague told me.

You might be wondering, "can I still say the same thing without the 是 and the 的?" The answer is that in most cases, no, not really. While the 是 can sometimes be dropped, these examples sound weird without the 的. It's just a part of learning to ask questions naturally in Mandarin. You don't have to learn a "past tense," but you do have to learn this way of asking for details about the past sooner or later.

Negative Form

是⋯⋯的 sentences can only be negated with 不, as 没 can not be used to negate 是. Remember that you need both the 不 and the 是 together to make the correct negative form.

Some examples:

  • 他们 不是 在 网上 认识 Tāmen bù shì zài wǎngshàng rènshi de.They didn't meet online.
  • 不是 跟 我们 一起bù shì gēn wǒmen yīqǐde.He didn't go with us.
  • 坐 地铁The 是 is missing zuò dìtiě lái de.I didn't come by metro.
  • 在 中国 出生 The 是 is missing zài Zhōngguó chūshēng de. I wasn't born in China.

Note that negating a 是⋯⋯的 construction creates the implication that the action in the sentence was carried out, and only the detail emphasized by 是⋯⋯的 is being denied. So, in the second sentence, the implication is that 他 didn't go with 我们, but did go out with someone. So negative 是⋯⋯的 constructions would work nicely in the final scenes of detective dramas.

Used in a Question

是⋯⋯的 constructions can be made into questions in the usual three ways to form questions in Chinese:

Some examples:

  • 用 邮件 回复 吗 ?吗 is a question particleyòng yóujiàn huífù de ma?Did she reply by email?
  • 你们 是 不 是 去年 认识 是不是 is an affirmative-negative patternNǐmen shì bu shì qùnián rènshi de?Did you meet each other last year?
  • 这个 东西 多少钱多少 is a question wordZhège dōngxi duōshao qián mǎi de?How much did you buy this thing for?

Is 是 always optional?

Generally, 是 can be omitted, and the meaning will not change. However, in a small number of cases, omitting 是 will make it unclear which part of the sentence is being emphasized. In these cases, 是 clearly indicates which words are being emphasized. Take a look at this example:

  • 你 上周 和 他 去 北京 吗 ?Nǐ shàng zhōu hé tā qù Běijīng de ma?Did you go to Beijing with him last weekend?

This sentence could emphasize 上周 (time), or 和他 (part of the subject). A simple 是 can make clear which one the speaker is emphasizing.

  • 上周 和 他 去 北京 吗 ?上周 is emphasizedshì shàng zhōu hé tā qù Běijīng de ma?Was it last week that you went to Beijing with him?
  • 你 上周 和他 去 北京 吗 ?和他 is emphasizedNǐ shàng zhōu shì hé tā qù Běijīng de ma?Was it him that you went to Beijing with last week?

Position of 的

Until now we've said that the 的 appears at the end of the sentence in a 是⋯⋯的 construction. This is very often the case. However, it can actually appear in one of two places. Take a look at the examples below:

  • 我们 用 Skype Wǒmen shì yòng Skype kāi huì de.We had a meeting by Skype.
  • 我们 用 Skype Wǒmen shì yòng Skype kāi de huì.We had a meeting by Skype.

As you can see, when the verb is followed by an object, 的 can go before or after the object. Both sentences are grammatically correct, but the first the sentence could be referring to either a specific event in the past or habitual actions.

Take a look at these two sentences which remove the ambiguity by including a bit more information about the timeframe:

  • 那次 我们 用 Skype Nà cì wǒmen shì yòng Skype kāi huì de.That time we had the meeting by Skype.
  • 我们 平时 用 Skype Wǒmen píngshí shì yòng Skype kāi huì de.We usually have meetings by Skype.

For the most part, you should be fine regularly putting 的 at the end of your 是……的 sentences. Just be aware that there is some potential for ambiguity in certain situations. If you don't want to move 的 around, then including a bit of extra information about time can keep things clear.

Completed Action

It's important to note that while the 是⋯⋯的 construction also indicates that an action has been completed, this is not the purpose of a 是⋯⋯的 construction. The completed action part is more like a prerequisite for using 是⋯⋯的. This means you shouldn't use 是⋯⋯的 just to indicate that an action is completed. Use the aspect particle 了 for that. Instead, use 是⋯⋯的 to draw attention to certain details of a completed action.

See also

Sources and Further Reading

Books

Websites