The "shi... de" construction for emphasizing details

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Also known as: 是⋯⋯的结构 (shì... de jiégòu), 是⋯⋯ 的 sentence and 是⋯⋯ 的 pattern.

The 是⋯⋯的 (shì... de) construction is used to draw particular attention to certain information in a sentence. It's often used to ask questions that seek specific information, or to explain a situation by emphasizing a particular detail.

While not strictly tied to any "tense," the 是⋯⋯ 的 construction is frequently used when asking details about the past or telling details about the past.

Basic Usage

A 是⋯⋯ 的 sentence is formed with this structure:

Subj. + 是 + Information to be Emphasized + Verb + 的

This structure can be used to emphasize any detail, but most commonly it emphasizes time, manner, or place. Don't worry if this still seems a little confusing; lots of helpful examples are coming up!

Simple Question Examples

These are some of the most common questions asked using the 是⋯⋯ 的 construction and some possible answers:

  • 你 是 怎么 来 的 ？Emphasizing "how" or "in what manner"Nǐ shì zěnme lái de?How did you come?
  • 你 是 怎么 做 的 ？Emphasizing "how" or "in what manner"Nǐ shì zěnme zuò de?How did you do it?
  • 是 谁 告诉 你 的 ？Emphasizing "who"Shì shéi gàosu nǐ de?Who was it that told you?
  • 你 是 什么时候 来 的 ？Emphasizing "when"Nǐ shì shénme shíhou lái de?When did you come?

You might be wondering, "can I still say the same thing without the 是 and the 的?" The answer is that in most cases, no, not really. While the 是 can sometimes be dropped, these examples sound weird without the 的. It's just a part of learning to ask questions naturally in Mandarin. You don't have to learn a "past tense," but you do have to learn this way of asking for details about the past, sooner or later.

Other Examples

Some examples where time is emphasized:

  • 我们 是 昨天 来 的。"Yesterday" is emphasized.Wǒmen shì zuótiān lái de.We came yesterday.
  • 他 是 去年 到 北京 去 的。"Last year is emphasized.Tā shì qùnián dào Běijīng qù de.He went to Beijing last year.

Some examples where manner is emphasized:

  • 她 是 坐 飞机 去 美国 的 。"By plane" is emphasized.Tā shì zuò fēijī qù Měiguó de.She went to the USA by plane.
  • 我 是 从 香港 转机 到 上海 的 。"from Hong Kong" is emphasized"Wǒ shì cóng Xiānggǎng zhuǎnjī dào Shànghǎi de.I'm coming to Shanghai from Hong Kong.

Some examples where place is emphasized:

  • 我 是 在 英国 学 英文 的 。"In Britain" is emphasized.Wǒ shì zài Yīngguó xué Yīngwén de.I studied English in Britain.
  • 你 是 在 中国 出生 的 。"In China" is emphasized.Nǐ shì zài Zhōngguó chūshēng de.You were born in China.

Singling out Details for Emphasis with 是⋯⋯的

As mentioned above, a 是⋯⋯ 的 construction can pick out any detail in a sentence. Whatever comes immediately after 是 is emphasized. So in the sentence below:

  • 我 上 周六 跟 我 家人 在 饭店 吃饭 。 Wǒ shàng zhōuliù gēn wǒ jiārén zài fàndiàn chīfàn.I ate with my family in a restaurant last Saturday.

We can pick out any one of the details by putting 是 in front of it:

  • 我 跟 我 家人 是 上 周六 在 饭店 吃 的 饭 。"last Saturday" is emphasized.Wǒ gēn wǒ jiārén shì shàng Zhōuliù zài fàndiàn chī de fàn.
  • 我 上 周六 在 饭店 是 跟 我 家人 吃 的 饭 。"with my family" is emphasized.Wǒ shàng Zhōuliù zài fàndiàn shì gēn wǒ jiārén chī de fàn.
  • 我 上 周六 跟 我 家人 是 在 饭店 吃 的 饭 。"in a restaurant" is emphasized.Wǒ shàng Zhōuliù gēn wǒ jiārén shì zài fàndiàn chī de fàn.

When to Use 是⋯⋯的

As described above, the 是⋯⋯ 的 construction is used to draw attention to particular information in a sentence. Whereas a sentence without a 是⋯⋯ 的 construction might describe a situation, a sentence with a 是⋯⋯ 的 construction explains it. 是⋯⋯ 的 is not generally used for reporting new information, but for adding important details that make the information clearer.

You could think of 是⋯⋯ 的 as being equivalent to saying one of the following in English:

  • "The situation is that"
  • "It's that... "
  • "It was... that... "

If the sentence could be formed with one of those phrases in English, it can probably use a 是⋯⋯ 的 construction in Chinese. Usually the topic of a 是⋯⋯ 的 sentence has already been established.

Completed Action

It's important to note that a 是⋯⋯ 的 construction also indicates that an action has been completed. However, this is not the purpose of a 是⋯⋯ 的 construction. The association with a completed action is more like a side effect of 是⋯⋯ 的. This means you shouldn't use 是⋯⋯ 的 just to indicate that an action is completed. Use the aspect particle 了 for that. Instead, use 是⋯⋯ 的 to draw attention to particular features of the action.

Negating 是⋯⋯ 的

是⋯⋯ 的 sentences can only be negated with 不, as 没 can not be used to negate 是. Place 不 before 是 as you would in a standard sentence.

Some examples:

  • 我们 不 是 坐 火车 来 的 。 Wǒmen bù shì zuò huǒchē lái de.We didn't come by train.
  • 这个 电话 不 是 打给他的 。 Zhège diànhuà bù shì dǎ gěi tā de.This phone call isn't to him.
  • 我们 不 是 去 看她 的 。 Wǒmen bù shì qù kàn tā de.We didn't go to see her.

Note that negating a 是⋯⋯ 的 construction creates the implication that the action in the sentence was carried out, and only the detail emphasized by 是⋯⋯ 的 is being denied. So, in the last sentence, the implication is that 你 didn't go out with 她, but did go out with someone. So negative 是⋯⋯ 的 constructions would work nicely in the final scenes of detective dramas.

是⋯⋯的 and Questions

是⋯⋯ 的 constructions can be made into questions in the usual three ways to form questions in Chinese:

Some examples:

  • 你 是 用 手枪 杀害 他 的 吗？Did you use a pistol to murder him?
  • 他 是 坐 飞机 去 意大利 的 吗？Did you take a plane to Italy?
  • 你 是 跟 谁 出去 的？Who did you go out with?
  • 你 是 怎么 来 北京 的？How did you come to Beijing?
  • 你们 是 不是 去年 认识 的？Did you meet each other last year?
  • 你的 车 是 不是 你弟弟 开 走 的？Was your car driven away by your brother?

是 is Often Optional

Although this structure is called the 是⋯⋯ 的 construction, the 是 is nearly always optional. You will often hear this structure with 是 omitted, so be aware. The only time 是 is required in this construction is when it's being negated. Other than that, 是 is commonly omitted.

Some examples:

  • 他 （是） 昨天 来 的。He came yesterday.
  • 我们 （是） 两 个 月 以前 认识 的。We met two months ago.
  • 我 （是） 用 中文 问路 的。I used Chinese to ask the way.

Where to Put 的 in a 是⋯⋯的 Construction

Up till now we've said that 的 appears at the end of the sentence in a 是⋯⋯ 的 construction. This is very often the case. However, if there's an object, 的 can appear before the object.

For example:

  • 我 是 在 加拿大 学 的 英语。the 的 comes before the object 英语I studied English in Canada.
  • 我 是 在 加拿大 学 英语 的。the 的 comes after the object 英语I studied English in Canada.

Note that if the object is a person, 的 has to go at the end of the sentence. Otherwise it can go before the object or at the end of the sentence.

  • 我 是 在 法国 认识 的 她。the 的 cannot come before the object 她I met her in France.
  • 我 是 在 法国 认识 她 的。the 的 can only come after the object 她I met her in France.

More 是⋯⋯的 Emphasis Examples

The 是⋯⋯ 的 construction is very versatile and can be used to pick out a large variety of details in a sentence. Have a look at the examples below to get a stronger grasp of how this structure can be used.

Focusing on Time

  • 我 是 上 个 星期五 来 的。"last Friday" is emphasized.I came last Friday.
  • 他们 是 婚后 一年 离婚 的。"one year after they got married" is emphasized.They got divorced one year after they got married.
  • 我们 是 十 年 以前 认识 的。"ten years ago" is emphasized.We met each other ten years ago.

Focusing on Place

  • 她 是 在 美国 学习 英文 的。"in the USA" is emphasized.She studied English in the USA.
  • 他们 是 在 图书馆 认识 的。"in the library" is emphasized.They met each other in the library.
  • 我们 是 在 家里 喝醉 的。"in the house" is emphasized.We got drunk in the house.

Focusing on Manner

  • 我 是 跟 我 朋友 出去 玩 的。"with my friends" is emphasized.I went out to hang with my friends.
  • 我 是 开车 回家 的。"by car" is emphasized.I came home by car.
  • 他 是 花 了 半 个 小时 才 到 他 家 的。"took him half an hour" is emphasized.It took him half an hour to get to his home.

Focusing on Instrument

  • 我 是 用 法文 写 的 信。"used French" is emphasized.I used French to write the letter.
  • 他 小 的时候 是 用 筷子 吃饭 的。"used chopsticks" is emphasized.When he was younger, he used chopsticks to eat.
  • 她 是 用 电脑 学习 汉语 的。"used the computer" is emphasized.She used a computer to study Chinese.

Focusing on Agent

  • 他 是 被 谁 杀害 的？"by whom" is emphasized.Who was he killed by?
  • 我的 钱包 是 被 一个男人 偷走 的。"by a man" is emphasized.My wallet was stolen by a man.
  • 你的 杯子 是 被 服务员 打 破的。"by the waiter" is emphasized.Your cup got broken by the waitor.
  • 我 弟弟 是 被 他同学 打伤 的。"by his classmate" is emphasized.My younger brother was hit and got injured by his classmates.
  • 爸爸 的 手机 是 被 他同事 弄 坏 的。"by his co-worker" is emphasized.Dad's cell phone was broken by his co-worker.
See also: 被 sentence

Focusing on Target

  • 你 是 给 谁 做 的 饭？"who" is emphasized.Who did you make food for?
  • 我 是 为 你 回来 的。"for you" is emphasized.I came back for you.
  • 他 是 向 你 借 的 钱？"from you" is emphasized.He borrowed the money from you?

See Also

Sources and Further Reading

Books

Websites


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