Difference between revisions of "Reference:40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册）"
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# Lesson Five | # Lesson Five | ||
# Lesson Six | # Lesson Six | ||
| − | #*汉语的词序 Word order in Chinese | + | #*汉语的词序 [[Word order|Word order in Chinese]] |
| − | #*“是”字句和“有”字句 The 是 -sentence and the 有 -sentence | + | #*“是”字句和“有”字句 The [[Connecting nouns with "shi"|是 -sentence]] and [[Expressing existence with "you"|the 有 -sentence]] |
# Lesson Seven | # Lesson Seven | ||
| − | #*动词“有” The verb 有 | + | #*动词“有” [[Expressing existence with "you"|The verb 有]] |
| − | #*动词“在” The verb 在 | + | #*动词“在” [[Expressing existence in a place|The verb 在]] |
| − | #*“也”和“还” 也 and 还 | + | #*“也”和“还” [[The also adverb|也]] and [[Expressing "and also" with "hai"|还]] |
| − | #*方位词 Nouns of locality | + | #*方位词 [[Location nouns|Nouns of locality]] |
# Lesson Eight | # Lesson Eight | ||
| − | #*形容词谓语句 Sentences with adjectival predicate | + | #*形容词谓语句 [[Simple "noun + adjective" sentences|Sentences with adjectival predicate]] |
| − | #*“几”和“多少” 几 and 多少 | + | #*“几”和“多少” [[Measure words in quantity questions|几]] and 多少 |
| − | #*“多”表示概率 "多" indicates approximate numbers | + | #*“多”表示概率 [[Indicating a number in excess|"多" indicates approximate numbers]] |
# Lesson Nine | # Lesson Nine | ||
#*动词谓语句 Sentence with a verbal predicate | #*动词谓语句 Sentence with a verbal predicate | ||
#*名词谓语句 Sentence with a nominal predicate | #*名词谓语句 Sentence with a nominal predicate | ||
| − | #*用“呢”的疑问句 The interrogative sentence ending with 呢 | + | #*用“呢”的疑问句 [[Questions with "ne"|The interrogative sentence ending with 呢]] |
| − | #*时间状语一般在主语后面，修饰谓语；有时为了强调时间，也可以把它放在主语前面，修饰全句；不可放在句尾；在用“几点”提问时一般不能放在主语前面。 The adverbial of time modifying the predicate generally follows the subject. Sometimes in order to emphasize the time, it can be put before the subject to modify the whole sentence. | + | #*时间状语一般在主语后面，修饰谓语；有时为了强调时间，也可以把它放在主语前面，修饰全句；不可放在句尾；在用“几点”提问时一般不能放在主语前面。 [[Time words and word order|The adverbial of time]] modifying the predicate generally follows the subject. Sometimes in order to emphasize the time, it can be put before the subject to modify the whole sentence. |
# Lesson Ten | # Lesson Ten | ||
| − | #*介词结构 The prepositional phrase | + | #*介词结构 [[Word order#Placement of place words in a sentence|The prepositional phrase]] |
| − | #*“时点”和“时段” Point of time and duration of time | + | #*“时点”和“时段” [[Word order#Placement of time words in a sentence|Point of time and duration of time]] |
| − | #*时量补语 The complement of duration | + | #*时量补语 [[Expressing duration|The complement of duration]] |
| − | #*“洗澡、睡觉、游泳、跑步、散步、考试、起床”等所谓离合词，实际上具有动词的性质，通常为动宾或动补结构，常作谓语，在本书中都不标注词性。 Words like 洗澡、睡觉、游泳、跑步、散步、考试、起床 and so on, which have a verb-complement structure, are often used as a predicate like a verb. Their syntactical functions will not be mentioned in this text. | + | #*“洗澡、睡觉、游泳、跑步、散步、考试、起床”等所谓离合词，实际上具有动词的性质，通常为动宾或动补结构，常作谓语，在本书中都不标注词性。 Words like 洗澡、睡觉、游泳、跑步、散步、考试、起床 and so on, which have a [[Separable verb|verb-complement structure]], are often used as a predicate like a verb. Their syntactical functions will not be mentioned in this text. |
# Lesson Eleven | # Lesson Eleven | ||
| − | #*选择疑问句 The alternative question | + | #*选择疑问句 [[Offering choices with "haishi"|The alternative question]] |
| − | #*连动句 The sentence with verbal constructions in series | + | #*连动句 [[Actions in a row|The sentence with verbal constructions in series]] |
| − | #*双宾语句 Biobjective sentences | + | #*双宾语句 [[Verbs that take double objects|Biobjective sentences]] |
#*动词或动词词组作状语，定语与中心语之间要用“的” | #*动词或动词词组作状语，定语与中心语之间要用“的” | ||
# Lesson Twelve | # Lesson Twelve | ||
| − | #*助动词 Auxiliary verbs | + | #*助动词 [[Auxiliary verbs]] |
| − | #*状态补语 The complement of state | + | #*状态补语 [[State complement|The complement of state]] |
| − | #*程度补语 The complement of degree | + | #*程度补语 [[Degree complement|The complement of degree]] |
| − | #*主谓结构作定语，定语和中心语之间一定要用“的” When subject-predicate phrases are used as an attributive, 的 must be used after the attributive. | + | #*主谓结构作定语，定语和中心语之间一定要用“的” When subject-predicate phrases are [[Modifying nouns with phrase + "de"|used as an attributive]], 的 must be used after the attributive. |
#*主谓谓语句 The sentence with an S-P phrase as the predicate. | #*主谓谓语句 The sentence with an S-P phrase as the predicate. | ||
# Lesson Thirteen | # Lesson Thirteen | ||
| − | #*助词“了” The particle 了 | + | #*助词“了” [[Expressing completion with "le"|The particle 了]] |
| − | #*“在+动词”或者句尾加语气助词“呢”表示动作正在进行，“在”和“呢”可以同时使用。 | + | #*“在+动词”或者句尾加语气助词“呢”表示动作正在进行，“在”和“呢”可以同时使用。"在 + verb" or "呢" indicates an [[Expressing actions in progress (full form)|action is in progress.]] |
| − | #*副词“不”和“没（有）”区别 The differences between the adverb 不 and 没（有） | + | #*副词“不”和“没（有）”区别 [[Comparing "bu" and "mei"|The differences between the adverb 不 and 没（有）]] |
# Lesson Fourteen | # Lesson Fourteen | ||
| − | #*副词“就” The adverb 就 | + | #*副词“就” [[Events in quick succession with "yi... jiu"|The adverb 就]] |
| − | #*“动词+了+时量”表示动作从开始到完成持续多长时间 "Verb + 了 +duration" indicates the length of time when an action has lasted from the beginning to the end. | + | #*“动词+了+时量”表示动作从开始到完成持续多长时间 [[Expressing duration with "le"|"Verb + 了 +duration"]] indicates the length of time when an action has lasted from the beginning to the end. |
# Lesson Fifteen | # Lesson Fifteen | ||
| − | #*助词“过” The particle 过 | + | #*助词“过” [[Expressing experiences with "guo"|The particle 过]] |
| − | #*动量补语 The complement of frequency | + | #*动量补语 [[Verb measure words|The complement of frequency]] |
| − | #*结构助词“的、地、得” The structural particles 的，地，得 | + | #*结构助词“的、地、得” [[Structural particle "de"|The structural particles 的，地，得]] |
#*兼语句 Pivotal Sentences | #*兼语句 Pivotal Sentences | ||
| − | #*固定格式“一…就…”表示两件事紧接着发生 一…就… indicates two events happening in succession. | + | #*固定格式“一…就…”表示两件事紧接着发生 [[Events in quick succession with "yi... jiu"|一…就… indicates two events ]]happening in succession. |
# Lesson Sixteen | # Lesson Sixteen | ||
| − | #*如果要强调已发生动作的时间、地点、方式等，就用“是…的”，“是”在要强调的部分之前，“的”在句尾；否定式是“不是…的”。 是…的 is used to emphasize the time, place or manner of a completed action. 是 is put before the word to be emphasized and 的 at the end of the sentence. | + | #*如果要强调已发生动作的时间、地点、方式等，就用“是…的”，“是”在要强调的部分之前，“的”在句尾；否定式是“不是…的”。 [[Shi... de construction|是…的 is used to emphasize the time, place or manner of a completed action]]. 是 is put before the word to be emphasized and 的 at the end of the sentence. |
| − | #*“到”用在动词谓语之后作结果补语，表示人或事物通过动作到达某处、有了结果，或说明动作持续的时间。 As a complement of result, 到 indicates that a person or an object reaches a certain place, achieves a goal or an action continues until a certain time. | + | #*“到”用在动词谓语之后作结果补语，表示人或事物通过动作到达某处、有了结果，或说明动作持续的时间。 [[Result complements "dao" and "jian"|As a complement of result]], 到 indicates that a person or an object reaches a certain place, achieves a goal or an action continues until a certain time. |
| − | #*动量补语“一下”除了有时表示具体的动量外，常用来表示动作经历的时间短或表示轻松随便。 As a complement of frequency, 一下 means the number of times an action has taken place. Alternatively, it can indicate an action lasting only for a short time. | + | #*动量补语“一下”除了有时表示具体的动量外，常用来表示动作经历的时间短或表示轻松随便。 As a complement of frequency, 一下 means the number of times an action has taken place. Alternatively, it can indicate an action lasting [[Verbing briefly|only for a short time.]] |
# Lesson Seventeen | # Lesson Seventeen | ||
| − | #*结果补语 The complement of result | + | #*结果补语 [[Result complement|The complement of result]] |
| − | #*比较的方法 Ways of comparison | + | #*比较的方法 [[Comparing|Ways of comparison]] |
# Lesson Eighteen | # Lesson Eighteen | ||
| − | #*动词“来”和“去”用在动词后作补语，表示趋向。如果动作是向着说话人（或事物）进行的就用“来”；如果是朝着相反的方向进行，就用“去”。 来 and 去 are used after a verb as a complement indicating the direction. If an action proceeds towards the speaker, 来 is used. On the other hand, if an action is away from the speaker, 去 is used. | + | #*动词“来”和“去”用在动词后作补语，表示趋向。如果动作是向着说话人（或事物）进行的就用“来”；如果是朝着相反的方向进行，就用“去”。 来 and 去 are used after a verb as a complement [[Direction complement|indicating the direction]]. If an action proceeds towards the speaker, 来 is used. On the other hand, if an action is away from the speaker, 去 is used. |
| − | #*副词“就”用在动词前，表示事情发生得早、快，或进行得顺利。 The adverb 就 is used before verb indicating an event took place too late, slowly or occurred with difficulty. | + | #*副词“就”用在动词前，表示事情发生得早、快，或进行得顺利。 [[Expressing earliness with "jiu"|The adverb 就]] is used before verb indicating an event took place early, quickly, or smoothly. 副词“就”用在动词前，表示事情发生得晚,慢,或进行得不顺利 [[Expressing lateness with "cai"|The adverb "才"]] is used before a verb indicating an event took place too late, slowly or occurred with difficulty. |
| − | #*助词“了”用在句尾，也可以表示情况的变化 了 is used at the end of a sentence indicating a change of situation. | + | #*助词“了”用在句尾，也可以表示情况的变化 了 is used at the end of a sentence [[Change of state with "le"|indicating a change of situation.]] |
# Lesson Nineteen | # Lesson Nineteen | ||
| − | #*助词“着” The particle 着 | + | #*助词“着” [[Aspect particle "zhe"|The particle 着]] |
| − | #*简单趋向补语与宾语 The simple complement of direction and the object | + | #*简单趋向补语与宾语 The simple [[Direction complement|complement of direction]] and the object |
# Lesson Twenty | # Lesson Twenty | ||
| − | #*“除了…以外”表示加合关系，后面常有副词“还、也”或“又”等；“除了…以外”表示排除关系，后面常有副词“都”。 When 除了…以外 means " in addition to", it is often used together with 还，也 or 又. When 除了…以外 means "except", it is often used together with 都。 | + | #*“除了…以外”表示加合关系，后面常有副词“还、也”或“又”等；“除了…以外”表示排除关系，后面常有副词“都”。 When [["Except" and "in addition" with "chule… yiwai"#Expressing "in addition"|除了…以外 means " in addition to"]], it is often used together with 还，也 or 又. When [["Except" and "in addition" with "chule… yiwai"#Expressing "except"|除了…以外 means "except"]], it is often used together with 都。 |
| − | #*“要…了”表示一个动作或情况很快就要发生，“要”前可以加上“就”或“快”，表示时间紧迫。“就要…了”，“快要…了”也可以省略为“就…了”，“快…了”。 要…了 indicates that an event is about to take place. 要 may be preceded by 就 or 快. 就要…了 and 快要…了 may be simplified as 就…了 and 快…了. | + | #*“要…了”表示一个动作或情况很快就要发生，“要”前可以加上“就”或“快”，表示时间紧迫。“就要…了”，“快要…了”也可以省略为“就…了”，“快…了”。 要…了 indicates that an event [[About to happen with "kuai... le"|is about to take place]]. 要 may be preceded by 就 or 快. 就要…了 and 快要…了 may be simplified as 就…了 and 快…了. |
| − | #*一部分形容词可以重叠，表示性质的程度加深。双音节形容词重叠的方式是“AABB”，作状语时一般要加“地”。 Some adjectives can be duplicated to indicate a high degree. A duplicated form of the disyllabic adjective is AABB. When it is used as an adverbial, 地 is often used after it. | + | #*一部分形容词可以重叠，表示性质的程度加深。双音节形容词重叠的方式是“AABB”，作状语时一般要加“地”。 Some [[Reduplication of adjectives|adjectives can be duplicated]] to indicate a high degree. A duplicated form of the disyllabic adjective is AABB. When it is used as an adverbial, 地 is often used after it. |
[[Category:Grammar Index]] | [[Category:Grammar Index]] | ||
Revision as of 02:30, 24 June 2013
Grammar Points by Chapter
- Lesson One
- Lesson Two
- Lesson Three
- Lesson Four
- Lesson Five
- Lesson Six
- 汉语的词序 Word order in Chinese
- “是”字句和“有”字句 The 是 -sentence and the 有 -sentence
- Lesson Seven
- 动词“有” The verb 有
- 动词“在” The verb 在
- “也”和“还” 也 and 还
- 方位词 Nouns of locality
- Lesson Eight
- 形容词谓语句 Sentences with adjectival predicate
- “几”和“多少” 几 and 多少
- “多”表示概率 "多" indicates approximate numbers
- Lesson Nine
- 动词谓语句 Sentence with a verbal predicate
- 名词谓语句 Sentence with a nominal predicate
- 用“呢”的疑问句 The interrogative sentence ending with 呢
- 时间状语一般在主语后面，修饰谓语；有时为了强调时间，也可以把它放在主语前面，修饰全句；不可放在句尾；在用“几点”提问时一般不能放在主语前面。 The adverbial of time modifying the predicate generally follows the subject. Sometimes in order to emphasize the time, it can be put before the subject to modify the whole sentence.
- Lesson Ten
- 介词结构 The prepositional phrase
- “时点”和“时段” Point of time and duration of time
- 时量补语 The complement of duration
- “洗澡、睡觉、游泳、跑步、散步、考试、起床”等所谓离合词，实际上具有动词的性质，通常为动宾或动补结构，常作谓语，在本书中都不标注词性。 Words like 洗澡、睡觉、游泳、跑步、散步、考试、起床 and so on, which have a verb-complement structure, are often used as a predicate like a verb. Their syntactical functions will not be mentioned in this text.
- Lesson Eleven
- 选择疑问句 The alternative question
- 连动句 The sentence with verbal constructions in series
- 双宾语句 Biobjective sentences
- 动词或动词词组作状语，定语与中心语之间要用“的”
- Lesson Twelve
- 助动词 Auxiliary verbs
- 状态补语 The complement of state
- 程度补语 The complement of degree
- 主谓结构作定语，定语和中心语之间一定要用“的” When subject-predicate phrases are used as an attributive, 的 must be used after the attributive.
- 主谓谓语句 The sentence with an S-P phrase as the predicate.
- Lesson Thirteen
- 助词“了” The particle 了
- “在+动词”或者句尾加语气助词“呢”表示动作正在进行，“在”和“呢”可以同时使用。"在 + verb" or "呢" indicates an action is in progress.
- 副词“不”和“没（有）”区别 The differences between the adverb 不 and 没（有）
- Lesson Fourteen
- 副词“就” The adverb 就
- “动词+了+时量”表示动作从开始到完成持续多长时间 "Verb + 了 +duration" indicates the length of time when an action has lasted from the beginning to the end.
- Lesson Fifteen
- 助词“过” The particle 过
- 动量补语 The complement of frequency
- 结构助词“的、地、得” The structural particles 的，地，得
- 兼语句 Pivotal Sentences
- 固定格式“一…就…”表示两件事紧接着发生 一…就… indicates two events happening in succession.
- Lesson Sixteen
- 如果要强调已发生动作的时间、地点、方式等，就用“是…的”，“是”在要强调的部分之前，“的”在句尾；否定式是“不是…的”。 是…的 is used to emphasize the time, place or manner of a completed action. 是 is put before the word to be emphasized and 的 at the end of the sentence.
- “到”用在动词谓语之后作结果补语，表示人或事物通过动作到达某处、有了结果，或说明动作持续的时间。 As a complement of result, 到 indicates that a person or an object reaches a certain place, achieves a goal or an action continues until a certain time.
- 动量补语“一下”除了有时表示具体的动量外，常用来表示动作经历的时间短或表示轻松随便。 As a complement of frequency, 一下 means the number of times an action has taken place. Alternatively, it can indicate an action lasting only for a short time.
- Lesson Seventeen
- 结果补语 The complement of result
- 比较的方法 Ways of comparison
- Lesson Eighteen
- 动词“来”和“去”用在动词后作补语，表示趋向。如果动作是向着说话人（或事物）进行的就用“来”；如果是朝着相反的方向进行，就用“去”。 来 and 去 are used after a verb as a complement indicating the direction. If an action proceeds towards the speaker, 来 is used. On the other hand, if an action is away from the speaker, 去 is used.
- 副词“就”用在动词前，表示事情发生得早、快，或进行得顺利。 The adverb 就 is used before verb indicating an event took place early, quickly, or smoothly. 副词“就”用在动词前，表示事情发生得晚,慢,或进行得不顺利 The adverb "才" is used before a verb indicating an event took place too late, slowly or occurred with difficulty.
- 助词“了”用在句尾，也可以表示情况的变化 了 is used at the end of a sentence indicating a change of situation.
- Lesson Nineteen
- 助词“着” The particle 着
- 简单趋向补语与宾语 The simple complement of direction and the object
- Lesson Twenty
- “除了…以外”表示加合关系，后面常有副词“还、也”或“又”等；“除了…以外”表示排除关系，后面常有副词“都”。 When 除了…以外 means " in addition to", it is often used together with 还，也 or 又. When 除了…以外 means "except", it is often used together with 都。
- “要…了”表示一个动作或情况很快就要发生，“要”前可以加上“就”或“快”，表示时间紧迫。“就要…了”，“快要…了”也可以省略为“就…了”，“快…了”。 要…了 indicates that an event is about to take place. 要 may be preceded by 就 or 快. 就要…了 and 快要…了 may be simplified as 就…了 and 快…了.
- 一部分形容词可以重叠，表示性质的程度加深。双音节形容词重叠的方式是“AABB”，作状语时一般要加“地”。 Some adjectives can be duplicated to indicate a high degree. A duplicated form of the disyllabic adjective is AABB. When it is used as an adverbial, 地 is often used after it.
