Difference between revisions of "Uses of "le""

 
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|[[ASGTSWBR|Expressing completion with "le"]] || Verb + 了 || <span class="liju">她 去 <em>了</em> 北京 。</span> || 了1
 
|[[ASGTSWBR|Expressing completion with "le"]] || Verb + 了 || <span class="liju">她 去 <em>了</em> 北京 。</span> || 了1
 
|-
 
|-
|[[ASGYKDNF|Questions with "le ma"]] || Verb + 了 + 吗 ? || <span class="liju">北京 去 <em>了 吗</em> ?</span> || 了1
+
|[[ASGYKDNF|Questions with "le ma"]] ||Verb + 了 + 吗 ?||<span class="liju">你 吃饭 <em>了 吗</em> ?</span> || 了1
 
|-
 
|-
|[[The "zui" superlative|Making adjectives extreme with "zui"]] || + Adj (+ 了) || <span class="liju">这 种 啤酒 <em>最 好 了</em> 。</span> || 了2
+
|[[ASGP69JD|Using "guo" with "le"]] ||Verb + + 了||<span class="liju">我们 看 <em>了</em> 。</span> || 了1
 
|-
 
|-
|[[ASGT185D|Expressing change of state with "le"]] || ⋯⋯了 || <span class="liju">今天 我 25 岁 <em>了</em>。</span> || 了2
+
|[[ASGM055L|Expressing "already" with just "le"]] ||Subj. + Verb + 了|| <span class="liju">我们 都 知道 <em>了</em> 。</span> || 了2
 
|-
 
|-
|[[ASGJ36VN|Expressing duration]] || Verb + 了 + Duration || <span class="liju">他 在 北京 住 了<em> 两 年</em> 。</span> || 了2
+
|[[ASGNQUC1|Result complement "-wan" for finishing]] ||Subj. + Verb + 完 + 了|| <span class="liju">我 说 完 <em></em> 。</span> || 了2
 
|-
 
|-
|[[ASG69RR8|Expressing duration (ongoing)]] || Verb + 了 + Duration + 了 || <span class="liju">他 在 北京 住 了<em> 两 年 了</em>。</span> || 了2
+
|[[ASGT185D|Expressing change of state with "le"]] ||[New Situation] + 了|| <span class="liju">今天 我 25 岁 <em>了</em>。</span> || 了2
 +
|-
 +
|[[ASGE5Q4|Expressing "now" with "le"]] ||[New Situation] + 了||<span class="liju">电影 开始 <em>了</em> !</span> || 了2
 +
|-
 +
|[[ASGJ36VN|Expressing duration]] ||Verb + 了 + Duration ||<span class="liju">他 在 北京 住 了<em> 两 年</em> 。</span> || 了2
 +
|-
 +
|[[ASG69RR8|Expressing duration (ongoing)]] ||Verb + 了 + Duration + 了||<span class="liju">他 在 北京 住 了<em> 两 年 了</em>。</span> || 了2
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[ASGNXI278|Expressing "already" with "yijing"]] || 已经 + Verb + 了|| <span class="liju">他 <em>已经</em> 走 <em>了</em> 。</span> || 了2
 
|[[ASGNXI278|Expressing "already" with "yijing"]] || 已经 + Verb + 了|| <span class="liju">他 <em>已经</em> 走 <em>了</em> 。</span> || 了2
 
|-
 
|-
|[[ASGNGEU8|Expressing "about to happen" with "le"]] ||快 + Verb / Adj. + 了 || <span class="liju"><em>快</em> 下雨 <em>了</em> 。</span> || 了2
+
|[[ASGNGEU8|Expressing "about to happen" with "le"]] ||快 + Verb / Adj. + 了|| <span class="liju"><em>快</em> 下雨 <em>了</em> 。</span> || 了2
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|[[ASGFR96B|Expressing "not anymore" with "le"]] ||(已经 +) 不 / 没(有) + [Verb Phrase] + 了|| <span class="liju">我 <em>不</em> 想 吃 <em>了</em> 。</span> || 了2
 +
|-
 +
|[[Expressing "stop doing" with "bie… le"]] ||别 + Verb + 了|| <span class="liju"><em>别</em> 玩 <em>了</em> ,去 写 作业 。</span> || 了2
 +
|-
 +
|[[ASG3544U|Superlative "zui"]] ||最 + Adj. + 了|| <span class="liju">四川 菜 <em>最</em> 辣 <strong>了</strong> 。</span> || 了2
 +
|-
 +
|[[ASGLEVUV|Negative adjectives with "-si le"]] ||Adj. + 死了|| <span class="liju">我 今天 累 <em>死了</em> 。|| 了2
 +
|-
 +
 
|}
 
|}
  
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! Grammar Point (English) !! Pattern !! Examples!! 了 Type  
 
! Grammar Point (English) !! Pattern !! Examples!! 了 Type  
 
|-
 
|-
|[[ASGLEVUV|Making negative adjectives extreme with "-si le"]] || Adj + 死了 || <span class="liju">那 个 孩子 难 看 <em>死 了</em>。</span> || 了2
+
|[[ASGLEVUV|Making negative adjectives extreme with "-si le"]] || Adj. + 死了|| <span class="liju">这 件 衣服 难看 <em>死了</em> 。</span> || 了2
 
|-
 
|-
|[[ASGVME5V|Making positive adjectives extreme with "-ji le"]] || Adj + 极了 || <span class="liju">你的 中文 好 <em>极了</em>。</span> || 了2
+
|[[ASGVME5V|Making positive adjectives extreme with "-ji le"]] || Adj. + 极了|| <span class="liju">你的 中文 好 <em>极了</em> 。</span> || 了2
 
|-
 
|-
|[[ASG6KUS5|Expressing "much more" in comparisons]] || N1 + 比 + N2 + Adj + 多了 || <span class="liju">我 <em>比</em> 你 高 <em>多 了</em>。</span> || 了2
+
|[[ASG6KUS5|Expressing "much more" in comparisons]] ||Noun 1 + 比 + Noun 2 + Adj. + 多了|| <span class="liju">我 <em>比</em> 你 高 <em>多 了</em> 。</span> || 了2
 
|-
 
|-
|[[ASGSVF28|Expressing duration of inaction]] || Duration + 没 + [Verb Phrase] ) (+ 了) || <span class="liju">他 已经 <em>三 天 没</em> 洗澡 了。</span> || 了2
+
|[[ASGSVF28|Expressing duration of inaction]] || (已经 +) Duration + 没 + Verb + 了|| <span class="liju">他 已经 <em>三 天 没</em> 洗澡 <strong>了</strong> 。</span> || 了2
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|[[ASG9B210|Expressing "about to" with "jiuyao"]] ||Subj. + 就要 + Verb + 了|| <span class="liju">他们 <em>就要</em> 结婚 <strong>了</strong> 。</span> || 了2
 +
|-
 +
|[[ASGN1JR5|Expressing "again" in the past with "you"]] ||又 + Verb + 了|| <span class="liju">你 <em>又</em> 迟到 <strong>了</strong> 。</span> || 了2
 +
|-
 +
|[[ASGT1CIR|Expressing "already" with "dou"]] ||都 + Time + 了|| <span class="liju"><em>都</em> 九点 <strong>了</strong> ,快点 起床 !</span> || 了2
 +
|-
 +
|[[ASGKITRZ|Expressing earliness with "jiu"]] ||Subj. + Time + 就 + Verb + 了|| <span class="liju">我 昨晚 八 点 半 <em>就</em> 睡觉 <strong>了</strong> 。</span> || 了2
 +
|-
 +
|[[ASG700A5|Expressing "finally" with "zhongyu"]] ||Subj. + 终于 + Predicate + 了|| <span class="liju">你 <em>终于</em> 到 <strong>了</strong> 。</span> || 了2
 +
|-
 +
|[[ASG7UE4H|Expressing "more and more" with "yuelaiyue"]] ||Subj. + 越来越 + Adj. + 了|| <span class="liju">天气 <em>越来越</em> 冷 <strong>了</strong> 。</span> || 了2
 +
|-
 +
|[[ASG06EA|Expressing "all at once" with "yixiazi"]] ||Subj. + 一下子 + Predicate + 了|| <span class="liju">天气 <em>一下子</em> 变 冷 <strong>了</strong> 。</span> || 了2
 +
|-
 +
 
|}
 
|}
  
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|[[Expressing "A bit too"]] || Adj + 了一点(儿) || <span class="liju">这个 东西 的 质量 是 <em>差 了 一点</em> 。</span> || 了2
 
|[[Expressing "A bit too"]] || Adj + 了一点(儿) || <span class="liju">这个 东西 的 质量 是 <em>差 了 一点</em> 。</span> || 了2
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Sentence-Final "le 1+2"]] || ⋯⋯了 || <span class="liju">我 明白 你 为什么 走 <em>了</em> 。</span> || 了1, 2
+
|[[Advanced "le" with complements]] || Subj. + Verb + Complement + 了 || <span class="liju">我们 打 赢 <em>了</em> 比赛 。</span> || 了1, 2
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
 
  
 
== See also ==
 
== See also ==

Latest revision as of 06:13, 5 June 2023

The Chinese particle 了 has been traditionally divided into two broad categories: aspectual particle 了 (AKA 了1) and modal particle 了 (AKA 了2). However, for a word with as many varied grammatical uses, such broad classifications don't seem particularly helpful to learners. This article offers an alternative way to understand 了: by listing out specific uses and patterns without regard for traditional classifications, starting with the ones learners will want to learn right away, and moving into more and more complicated uses.

Beginner (A1) Uses of 了

Grammar Point (English) Pattern Examples 了 Type
Expressing "excessively" with "tai" 太 + Adj + 了  ! 了2

Elementary (A2) Uses of 了

Grammar Point (English) Pattern Examples 了 Type
Expressing completion with "le" Verb + 了 她 去 北京 。 了1
Questions with "le ma" Verb + 了 + 吗 ? 你 吃饭 了 吗 了1
Using "guo" with "le" Verb + 过 + 了 我们 看 过 了 了1
Expressing "already" with just "le" Subj. + Verb + 了 我们 都 知道 了2
Result complement "-wan" for finishing Subj. + Verb + 完 + 了 我 说 完 了2
Expressing change of state with "le" [New Situation] + 了 今天 我 25 岁 了2
Expressing "now" with "le" [New Situation] + 了 电影 开始 了2
Expressing duration Verb + 了 + Duration 他 在 北京 住 了 两 年 了2
Expressing duration (ongoing) Verb + 了 + Duration + 了 他 在 北京 住 了 两 年 了 了2
Expressing "already" with "yijing" 已经 + Verb + 了 已经 了2
Expressing "about to happen" with "le" 快 + Verb / Adj. + 了 下雨 了2
Expressing "not anymore" with "le" (已经 +) 不 / 没(有) + [Verb Phrase] + 了 想 吃 了2
Expressing "stop doing" with "bie… le" 别 + Verb + 了 ,去 写 作业 。 了2
Superlative "zui" 最 + Adj. + 了 四川 菜 了2
Negative adjectives with "-si le" Adj. + 死了 我 今天 累 死了 了2

Intermediate (B1) Uses of 了

Grammar Point (English) Pattern Examples 了 Type
Making negative adjectives extreme with "-si le" Adj. + 死了 这 件 衣服 难看 死了 了2
Making positive adjectives extreme with "-ji le" Adj. + 极了 你的 中文 好 极了 了2
Expressing "much more" in comparisons Noun 1 + 比 + Noun 2 + Adj. + 多了 你 高 多 了 了2
Expressing duration of inaction (已经 +) Duration + 没 + Verb + 了 他 已经 三 天 没 洗澡 了2
Expressing "about to" with "jiuyao" Subj. + 就要 + Verb + 了 他们 就要 结婚 了2
Expressing "again" in the past with "you" 又 + Verb + 了 迟到 了2
Expressing "already" with "dou" 都 + Time + 了 九点 ,快点 起床 ! 了2
Expressing earliness with "jiu" Subj. + Time + 就 + Verb + 了 我 昨晚 八 点 半 睡觉 了2
Expressing "finally" with "zhongyu" Subj. + 终于 + Predicate + 了 终于 了2
Expressing "more and more" with "yuelaiyue" Subj. + 越来越 + Adj. + 了 天气 越来越 了2
Expressing "all at once" with "yixiazi" Subj. + 一下子 + Predicate + 了 天气 一下子 变 冷 了2

Upper Intermediate (B2) Uses of 了

Grammar Point (English) Pattern Examples 了 Type
Intensifying adjectives extreme with "ke" 可 + Adj (+ 了) 你 做 的 菜 可 好吃 了 了2
Expressing "A bit too" Adj + 了一点(儿) 这个 东西 的 质量 是 差 了 一点 了2
Advanced "le" with complements Subj. + Verb + Complement + 了 我们 打 赢 比赛 。 了1, 2

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Websites

Academic Research