Difference between revisions of "Complement"
 
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Complements are not a form of flattery (those are compliments)<ref>For more info on this common mistake, see [http://grammar.about.com/od/words/a/complement.htm this website].</ref>; they're a special type of structure found in modern Mandarin and have no exact counterpart in English. The Chinese word for complement is 补语 (bǔyǔ).
+
{{AKA|补语 (bǔyǔ)|objective complement}}
  
−
Complements are a bit hard to define, but you'll generally find them following verbs (or sometimes adjectives). They can be as short as one character, or practically as long as a sentence. According to [http://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001J0ADWA&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001J0ADWA A Practical Chinese Grammar for Foreigners], complements "show the duration, quantity, degree, result, direction or possibility of an action; or to illustrate the state, number, degree of a thing"<ref>[http://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001J0ADWA&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001J0ADWA A Practical Chinese Grammar for Foreigners], p. 271</ref>.  As is often the case, plentiful examples will help clarify!
+
A complement is a word or phrase following a verb (or sometimes an adjective) that provides additional meaning to the verb phrase. Complements are not the same as objects, and can be as short as one character, or practically as long as a sentence. Complements provide additional information associated with verbs, such as degree, result, direction or possibility, and are extremely common.
  
−
== Summary of complements ==
+
Complements are not a form of flattery (those are compliments)<ref>For more info on this common mistake, see [http://grammar.about.com/od/words/a/complement.htm this website].</ref>; they're much more versatile than that!
  
−
<table class="wikitable" style="width:50em">
+
== Summary of complement types ==
−
<caption>Summary of Complement Types</caption>  
+
 
 +
Because Chinese complements have no exact counterpart in English, they can be a little bit difficult to get the hang of at first. As is often the case, plentiful examples will help clarify.
 +
 
 +
Below you'll find all the major complement types (as well as some of the minor ones), with representative examples of each.  The first four ([[result complement]], [[potential complement]], [[direction complement]], and [[degree complement]]) are the critical ones.  Click on the complement names for more detailed explanations and plenty of additional examples.
 +
 
 +
'''Main Complement Types, with Examples:'''
 +
 
 +
<table class="table table-bordered table-striped">
 
<tr>  
 
<tr>  
−
<th>Type of Complement</th><th>Verb</th><th>Complement</th><th>English</th>
+
<th style="width:25%">Type of Complement</th>
 +
<th style="width:10%">Verb</th>
 +
<th style="width:10%">Particle</th>
 +
<th style="width:15%">Complement</th>
 +
<th style="width:40%">English</th>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td rowspan="5">[[Result complement]]</td><td class="liju">做</td><td> </td><td class="liju">完</td><td style="font-size:100%">to finish doing</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td class="liju">看</td><td> </td><td class="liju">见</td><td style="font-size:100%">to see</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td class="liju">买</td><td> </td><td class="liju">到</td><td style="font-size:100%">to buy (successfully)</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td class="liju">计划</td><td> </td><td class="liju">好</td><td style="font-size:100%">to plan (properly)</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td class="liju">说</td><td> </td><td class="liju">清楚</td><td style="font-size:100%">to speak clearly</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td rowspan="7">[[Potential complement]]</td><td class="liju">去</td><td> </td><td class="liju">不了</td><td style="font-size:100%">cannot go</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td class="liju">去</td><td class="liju">得</td><td class="liju">了</td><td style="font-size:100%">can go</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td class="liju">听</td><td> </td><td class="liju">不到</td><td style="font-size:100%">cannot hear</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td class="liju">看</td><td class="liju">得</td><td class="liju">见</td><td style="font-size:100%">can see</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td class="liju">听</td><td> </td><td class="liju">不懂</td><td style="font-size:100%">to (listen but) not understand</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td class="liju">看</td><td class="liju">得</td><td class="liju">懂</td><td style="font-size:100%">to be able to read and understand</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td class="liju">吃</td><td class="liju">得</td><td class="liju">完</td><td style="font-size:100%">can finish eating</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td rowspan="4">[[Direction complement]]</td><td class="liju">放</td><td></td><td class="liju">下</td><td style="font-size:100%">to put down</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td class="liju">走</td><td> </td><td class="liju">上去</td><td style="font-size:100%">to walk up</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td class="liju">飞</td><td> </td><td class="liju">回来</td><td style="font-size:100%">to fly back (here)</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td class="liju">看</td><td> </td><td class="liju">过来</td><td style="font-size:100%">to look (over) this way</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
−
<td rowspan="2" style="font-size:100%">[[Result complement]]</td><td>做</td><td>完</td><td style="font-size:80%">to finish doing</td>
+
<td rowspan="4">[[Degree complement]]</td><td class="liju">说</td><td class="liju">得</td><td class="liju">很好</td><td style="font-size:100%">to speak (very) well</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
−
<td>买</td><td>到</td><td style="font-size:70%">to buy (successfully)</td>
+
<td class="liju">好*</td><td> </td><td class="liju">极了</td><td style="font-size:100%">great</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
−
<td rowspan="2">[[Potential complement]]</td><td>吃</td><td>得完</td><td>can finish eating</td>
+
<td class="liju">累*</td><td> </td><td class="liju">死了</td><td style="font-size:100%">tired "to death"</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
−
<td>听</td><td>不懂</td><td>to (listen but) not understand</td>
+
<td class="liju">脏*</td><td class="liju">得</td><td class="liju">不得了</td><td style="font-size:100%">terribly dirty</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
−
<td rowspan="2">[[Direction complement]]</td><td>放</td><td>下</td><td>to put down</td>
+
<td rowspan="2">[[State complement]]</td><td class="liju">想</td><td class="liju">得</td><td class="liju">很简单</td><td style="font-size:100%">to think very simply</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
−
<td>跑</td><td>过来</td><td>to run over (here)</td>
+
<td class="liju">搞</td><td class="liju">得</td><td class="liju">很乱</td><td style="font-size:100%">to make a mess (of things)</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
−
<td rowspan="2">[[Quantity complement]]</td><td>去</td><td>一次</td><td>to go once</td>
+
<td rowspan="2">[[Quantity complement]]</td><td class="liju">去</td><td> </td><td class="liju">一次</td><td style="font-size:100%">to go once</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
−
<td>工作</td><td>十个小时</td><td>to work for 10 hours</td>
+
<td class="liju">工作</td><td> </td><td class="liju">十个小时</td><td style="font-size:100%">to work for 10 hours</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
−
<td rowspan="2">[[Degree complement]]</td><td>说</td><td>得很好</td><td>to speak (very) well</td>
+
<td rowspan="2">[[Location complement]]</td><td class="liju">住</td><td> </td><td class="liju">在北京</td><td style="font-size:100%">to live in Beijing</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
−
<td>好</td><td>极了</td><td>great</td>
+
<td class="liju">来</td><td> </td><td class="liju">到中国</td><td style="font-size:100%">to come to China</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
−
<td rowspan="2">[[Location complement]]</td><td>住</td><td>在北京</td><td>to live in Beijing</td>
+
<td rowspan="2">[[Time complement]]</td><td class="liju">等</td><td> </td><td class="liju">到明年</td><td style="font-size:100%">to wait until next year</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
−
<td>来</td><td>到中国</td><td>to come to China</td>
+
<td class="liju">生</td><td> </td><td class="liju">于69年</td><td style="font-size:100%">to be born in '69</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
 
</table>
 
</table>
 +
<nowiki />* OK, these are [[Adjectives|adjectives]], not verbs!
  
−
== Result complement ==
+
== Composition of complements ==
  
−
[[Result complement]]
+
You might be wondering: ''what is the complement, exactly?'' For example, is it another verb, or an adjective or what?  The answer is that it varies.  It can be a verb, an adjective, a prepositional phrase, a measure word phrase, or a long, complex phrase.  The following chart breaks it down.
  
−
== Potential complement ==
+
'''Structure of Complements:'''
  
−
[[Potential complement]]
+
<table class="table table-bordered table striped">
 +
<tr>
 +
<th style="width:25%">Word Preceding Complement</th>
 +
<th style="width:25%">Complement Content</th>
 +
<th style="width:25%">Complement Types</th>
 +
<th style="width:25%">Example</th>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td rowspan="8" style="font-size:120%">[[Verbs|Verb]]</td><td rowspan="3" style="font-size:110%">[[Verbs|Verb]]</td><td style="font-size:100%">[[Result complement]]</td><td class="liju">做<em>完</em></td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td style="font-size:100%">[[Potential complement]]</td><td class="liju">看<em>得懂</em></td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td style="font-size:100%">[[Direction complement]]</td><td class="liju">走<em>回来</em></td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td rowspan="2" style="font-size:110%">[[Adjectives|Adjective]]</td><td style="font-size:100%">[[Result complement]]</td><td class="liju">做<em>好</em></td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td style="font-size:100%">[[State complement]]</td><td class="liju">想<em>得很简单</em></td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td rowspan="2" style="font-size:100%">[[Prepositional phrases|Prepositional phrase]]</td><td style="font-size:100%">[[Location complement]]</td><td class="liju">住<em>在北京</em></td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td style="font-size:100%">[[Time complement]]</td><td class="liju">生<em>于69年</em></td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td style="font-size:110%">[[Measure words|Measure word]] phrases</td><td style="font-size:100%">[[Quantity complement]]</td><td class="liju">去<em>一次</em></td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td rowspan="5" style="font-size:120%">[[Adjectives|Adjective]]</td><td rowspan="2" style="font-size:110%">[[Adjectives|Adjective]]</td><td style="font-size:100%">[[Degree complement]]</td><td class="liju">做<em>完</em></td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td style="font-size:100%">[[Result complement]]</td><td class="liju">做<em>好</em></td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td rowspan="2" style="font-size:110%">[[Adverbs|Adverb]]</td><td style="font-size:100%">[[Degree complement]]</td><td class="liju">好<em>极了</em></td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td style="font-size:100%">[[Result complement]]</td><td class="liju">做<em>好</em></td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td rowspan="2" style="font-size:110%">Other phrase</td><td style="font-size:100%">[[State complement]]</td><td class="liju">响<em>得让人发疯</em></td>
 +
</tr>
 +
</table>
  
−
== Direction complement ==
+
== When to use complements ==
  
−
[[Direction complement]]
+
You might be wondering: when do I use a complement? That's a good question, because often there are non-complement ways to express what the complement expresses.  For example, do you use the 不了 complement after a verb, or do you put 不能 before the verb?  Do you use an adverb ''before'' the verb (快快地跑), or do you put the same information in a complement ''after'' the verb (跑得快)?  The sad answer is that it depends. There are many factors involved.
  
−
(Compound direction complements)
+
As a learner, the best thing you can do is to memorize the complements you encounter the most often, and start using them.  The longer you've been using them, the more natural they'll feel, and when to use them will become clearer and clearer.  One good place to start is our list of [[common verbs with complements]].
  
−
== Quantity complement ==
+
== Grammar Points for Complements ==
 +
{{Structure Page|Complements}}
  
−
[[Quantity complement]]
+
== Sources and further reading ==
−
 
 
−
== Degree complement ==
 
−
 
 
−
[[Degree complement]]
 
−
 
 
−
== Location complement ==
 
  
−
[[Location complement]]
+
=== Books ===
  
−
== References ==
+
* [[A Practical Chinese Grammar For Foreigners (外国人实用汉语语法) ]] (pp. 242 - 243, pp. 271 - 329) [http://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001J0ADWA&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001J0ADWA →buy]
−
<references/>
+
* [[Chinese Grammar Without Tears (简明汉语语法学习手册) ]] (Chapter 6: Complements) [http://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp/ref=as_li_ss_tl?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B0041UGAJU&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B0041UGAJU →buy]
 +
* [[New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3)]] (pp. 200 - 201) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/756191251X/ref%3das_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=756191251X →buy]
 +
* [[New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2)]] (pp. 87 - 88) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/7561911297/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=7561911297 →buy]
 +
* [[Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition]] (pp. 97-9) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0415372615/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=0415372615 →buy]
 +
* [[Practicing HSK Grammar (语法精讲精炼)]] (pp, 186-187) [http://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp/ref=as_li_ss_tl?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001N6R7DI&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001N6R7DI →buy]
  
−
== Sources and further reading ==
+
=== Websites ===
  
−
* Grammar book: [http://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001J0ADWA&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001J0ADWA 外国人实用汉语语法(中英文对照)] (pp. 242 - 243, pp. 271 - 329)
+
* Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_(linguistics) Complement (linguistics)]
 +
* Pinyin.info: [http://pinyin.info/readings/texts/verb_complement.html Verb-Complement Constructions]
 +
* Baidu Baike (Chinese): [http://baike.baidu.com/view/146650.htm 补语]
 +
* Blog entry (Chinese): [http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_610d94db0100hj5u.html 状态补语]
  
 +
[[Category:Table]]
 
[[Category:Sentence Elements]]
 
[[Category:Sentence Elements]]

Latest revision as of 07:22, 22 November 2018

Also known as: 补语 (bǔyǔ) and objective complement.

A complement is a word or phrase following a verb (or sometimes an adjective) that provides additional meaning to the verb phrase. Complements are not the same as objects, and can be as short as one character, or practically as long as a sentence. Complements provide additional information associated with verbs, such as degree, result, direction or possibility, and are extremely common.

Complements are not a form of flattery (those are compliments)[1]; they're much more versatile than that!

Summary of complement types

Because Chinese complements have no exact counterpart in English, they can be a little bit difficult to get the hang of at first. As is often the case, plentiful examples will help clarify.

Below you'll find all the major complement types (as well as some of the minor ones), with representative examples of each. The first four (result complement, potential complement, direction complement, and degree complement) are the critical ones. Click on the complement names for more detailed explanations and plenty of additional examples.

Main Complement Types, with Examples:

Type of Complement Verb Particle Complement English
Result complement做 完to finish doing
看 见to see
买 到to buy (successfully)
计划 好to plan (properly)
说 清楚to speak clearly
Potential complement去 不了cannot go
去得了can go
听 不到cannot hear
看得见can see
听 不懂to (listen but) not understand
看得懂to be able to read and understand
吃得完can finish eating
Direction complement放下to put down
走 上去to walk up
飞 回来to fly back (here)
看 过来to look (over) this way
Degree complement说得很好to speak (very) well
好* 极了great
累* 死了tired "to death"
脏*得不得了terribly dirty
State complement想得很简单to think very simply
搞得很乱to make a mess (of things)
Quantity complement去 一次to go once
工作 十个小时to work for 10 hours
Location complement住 在北京to live in Beijing
来 到中国to come to China
Time complement等 到明年to wait until next year
生 于69年to be born in '69

* OK, these are adjectives, not verbs!

Composition of complements

You might be wondering: what is the complement, exactly? For example, is it another verb, or an adjective or what? The answer is that it varies. It can be a verb, an adjective, a prepositional phrase, a measure word phrase, or a long, complex phrase. The following chart breaks it down.

Structure of Complements:

Word Preceding Complement Complement Content Complement Types Example
VerbVerbResult complement做完
Potential complement看得懂
Direction complement走回来
AdjectiveResult complement做好
State complement想得很简单
Prepositional phraseLocation complement住在北京
Time complement生于69年
Measure word phrasesQuantity complement去一次
AdjectiveAdjectiveDegree complement做完
Result complement做好
AdverbDegree complement好极了
Result complement做好
Other phraseState complement响得让人发疯

When to use complements

You might be wondering: when do I use a complement? That's a good question, because often there are non-complement ways to express what the complement expresses. For example, do you use the 不了 complement after a verb, or do you put 不能 before the verb? Do you use an adverb before the verb (快快地跑), or do you put the same information in a complement after the verb (跑得快)? The sad answer is that it depends. There are many factors involved.

As a learner, the best thing you can do is to memorize the complements you encounter the most often, and start using them. The longer you've been using them, the more natural they'll feel, and when to use them will become clearer and clearer. One good place to start is our list of common verbs with complements.

Grammar Points for Complements

A2 Complements

Grammar Point (English) Pattern Examples
Potential complement "-bu dong" for not understanding Verb + 不懂 我 听不懂 。
Result complement "-wan" for finishing Verb + 完 (+ 了) 我 说 完 了。
Result complements "-dao" and "-jian" Verb + 到 / 见 听 到 了 吗 ？

B1 Complements

Grammar Point (English) Pattern Examples
Degree complement Verb + 得⋯⋯ 你 做 得 不错 。
Direction complement Verb (+ Direction) + 来 / 去 我们 走 过去 吧 。
Direction complement "-qilai" Verb / Adj.+ 起来 天气 热 起来 了 。
Potential complement Verb + 得 / 不 + Complement 做 得 完 / 做 不 完
Result complement "-xiaqu" Verb + 下去 这个 故事 太 无聊 了 ，我 听 不 下去 了 。
Result complements Verb + 好 / 完 / 错 我们 吃 好 了 。

B2 Complements

Grammar Point (English) Pattern Examples
Advanced degree complements Adj. + 得 + 很 / 不得了 / 要命 / 不行 我 老婆 的 工作 轻松 得很 。
Advanced potential complements Verb + 得了 / 不了 今晚 我 有事 ，去 不 了 。
Advanced result complements "zhu", "kai", and "chulai" Verb + 住 / 开 / 出(来) 抓住 那个 小偷 ！
Advanced uses of direction complement "-qilai" Verb + 起来 宝宝，你 应该 把 你 的 玩具 收 起来 。
Complement "-huai le" Verb + 坏了 坏 了。
Complement "-zhao" Verb + 着 宝宝 刚 睡 着。
Tricky uses of "dao" Verb + 到 他 做 到 了 吗 ？
Using "lai" and "qu" when "verbing around" Verb + 来 + Verb + 去 他 考虑 来 考虑 去 ， 最后 还是 决定 回 学校 。



Sources and further reading

Books

Websites

  • ↑ For more info on this common mistake, see this website.
    • Retrieved from "https://resources.allsetlearning.com/gramwiki/?title=Complement&oldid=42948"