Difference between revisions of "Adverb"

 
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{{AKA|副词 (fùcí)}}
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Adverbs are words that modify verbs and adjectives. In Chinese, word order of adverbs is much stricter than in English. Chinese adverbs normally come before the main [[verb]] of a sentence, but in some cases come right at the beginning of a sentence.
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==Characteristics==
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Since adverbs are primarily words that modify adjectives and verbs (but never nouns!). They can't stand by themselves. This means that they don't usually serve as single-word answers to questions by themselves, with a few exceptions to this rule, such as "[[不]]," "[[没有]]," "[[也许]]," and "[[可能]]." Furthermore, many Chinese adverbs cannot come before the subject of a sentence. This is very important because in English they can, but  this is much less common in Chinese.
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Adverbs can occasionally act as conjunctions (like in the [[Events in quick succession with "yi... jiu"|case of 就]]), but they still follow the rules of adverbs. Adverbs can sometimes come at the very beginning of a sentence, but in these cases they still modify the verb. Finally, in Chinese adverbs cannot be reduplicated (although [[Reduplication of adjectives|reduplicated adjectives]] can be converted into [[Turning adjectives into adverbs|adverbs with 地]], e.g. 急急匆匆地).
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== Subcategories ==
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* [[Degree adverbs]]
 
* [[Degree adverbs]]
 
* [[Scope adverbs]]
 
* [[Scope adverbs]]
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* [[Negative adverbs]]
 
* [[Negative adverbs]]
  
== Potential content ==
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== Grammar Patterns for Adverbs ==
 
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{{POS Page|Adverbs}}
* Can't be reduplicated (although reduplicated adjectives can be converted into adverbs with 地, e.g. 急急匆匆地).
 
* Can't be used as answers to questions.
 
* Can't modify nouns.
 
* Can't precede subjects (in general).
 
* Some adverbs can function as linking words (conjunctions). E.g. 就
 
* Always appear before a verb or adjective.
 
* Adverbs with logical function
 
* 都
 
* 也
 
* 还
 
* 只
 
* Difference between:
 
** 原来, 本来
 
** 不必, 未必, 何必
 
** 不免, 难免
 
** 毕竟, 到底, 究竟
 
** 就, 才
 
** 差点儿, 几乎
 
** 常常, 往往
 
** 从来, 始终
 
** 倒, 反而
 
** 多亏, 幸亏
 
** 分明, 明明
 
** 赶紧, 赶快, 赶忙, 连忙
 
** 刚, 刚刚, 刚才
 
** 果然, 竟然, 居然
 
** 好像, 似乎
 
** 突然, 忽然
 
** 千万, 万万, 万一
 
** 太, 挺, 真
 
** 特别, 尤其
 
** 偷偷, 悄悄
 
** 一点儿, 有点儿
 
** 一直, 总是
 
** 只好, 不得不
 
 
 
 
 
* Some adverbs can be used as answers to questions, such as 不, 没有, 也许 and 可能 etc.
 
* Nearly all adverbs occur as adverbials (in front of the verb) but a couple can occur as complements (after the noun), such as 极了 and 得很.
 
  
 
== Sources ==
 
== Sources ==
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* [http://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp/ref=as_li_ss_tl?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B0041UGAJU&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B0041UGAJU 简明汉语语法学习手册 (Chinese Grammar Without Tears)] (pp. 259 - 292)
 
* [http://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp/ref=as_li_ss_tl?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B0041UGAJU&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B0041UGAJU 简明汉语语法学习手册 (Chinese Grammar Without Tears)] (pp. 259 - 292)
 
* [http://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001DUFS3A&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001DUFS3A 实用汉语语法] (p. 55 - 56)
 
* [http://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001DUFS3A&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001DUFS3A 实用汉语语法] (p. 55 - 56)
* [http://www.amazon.cn/HSK%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95%E7%B2%BE%E8%AE%B2%E7%B2%BE%E7%BB%83-%E5%BC%A0%E5%A9%A7/dp/B001N6R7DI/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1311314660&sr=8-1 Practicing HSK Grammar] (pp. 31 - 66) '''''[needs Amazon code]'''''
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* [http://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp/ref=as_li_ss_tl?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001N6R7DI&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001N6R7DI Practicing HSK Grammar] (pp. 31 - 66)
 
* [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0415700108?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0415700108 Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide] (pp. 89 - 96)
 
* [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0415700108?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0415700108 Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide] (pp. 89 - 96)
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* [http://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp/ref=as_li_ss_tl?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B002ZNK7JE&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B002ZNK7JE 汉语常用格式330例]
  
 
[[Category:Parts of speech]]
 
[[Category:Parts of speech]]

Latest revision as of 07:59, 17 May 2016

Also known as: 副词 (fùcí).

Adverbs are words that modify verbs and adjectives. In Chinese, word order of adverbs is much stricter than in English. Chinese adverbs normally come before the main verb of a sentence, but in some cases come right at the beginning of a sentence.

Characteristics

Since adverbs are primarily words that modify adjectives and verbs (but never nouns!). They can't stand by themselves. This means that they don't usually serve as single-word answers to questions by themselves, with a few exceptions to this rule, such as "," "没有," "也许," and "可能." Furthermore, many Chinese adverbs cannot come before the subject of a sentence. This is very important because in English they can, but this is much less common in Chinese.

Adverbs can occasionally act as conjunctions (like in the case of 就), but they still follow the rules of adverbs. Adverbs can sometimes come at the very beginning of a sentence, but in these cases they still modify the verb. Finally, in Chinese adverbs cannot be reduplicated (although reduplicated adjectives can be converted into adverbs with 地, e.g. 急急匆匆地).

Subcategories

Grammar Patterns for Adverbs

A1 Adverbs

Grammar Point (English) Pattern Examples
Negation of "you" with "mei" 没 + 有 没有 钱 。
Standard negation with "bu" 不 + Verb / Adj. 他们 是 坏 孩子。
The "all" adverb "dou" 都 + Verb / Adj. 我们 住 在 上海。
The "also" adverb "ye" 也 + Verb / Adj. 昨天 很 冷,今天 冷。

A2 Adverbs

Grammar Point (English) Pattern Examples
Approximations with "chabuduo" Subj. + 差不多 我们 的 中文 水平 差不多
Emphasizing quantity with "dou" 大家 / 很多人 + 都⋯⋯ 很 多 地方 有 wifi。
Expressing "all along" with "yizhi" Subj. + 一直 + Predicate 一直 在 现在 的 公司 工作。
Expressing "already" with "yijing" 已经⋯⋯了 已经
Expressing "always" with "zongshi" 总是 + Verb 总是 迟到。
Expressing "and also" with "hai" 还 + Verb 她 有 一个 弟弟, 有 一个 妹妹。
Expressing "just" with "gang" Subj. + 刚 + Verb 走。
Expressing "only" with "zhi" 只 + Verb 有 一个 妹妹。
Expressing "then" with "jiu" 就 + Verb Phrase 我们 现在 有 时间, 去吧。
Expressing actions in progress with "zai" (正) 在 + Verb 我们 正在 吃饭。
Negative commands with "bie" 别 + Verb 走。
Simultaneous tasks with "yibian" 一边 + Verb 1 (,) 一边 + Verb 2 不要 一边 说话 ,一边 吃 东西。

B1 Adverbs

Grammar Point (English) Pattern Examples
Coincidence with "zhenghao" Subj. + 正好 + Verb Phrase 正好 问 了 我 想 问 的 问题 。
Continuation with "hai" Subj. + 还 + Verb Phrase / Adj. 还在 看 书 ?
Emphasis with "jiushi" 就是 + Verb 我 父母 就是 不 让 我 一个人 去 。
Emphasizing negation with "you" 又 + 不 / 没 + Verb 没 下雨 ,带 伞 干吗 ?
Expressing "about to" with "jiuyao" 还有 + Time Period + 就要 + Verb Phrase + 了 还有 五 天 就要 放假
Expressing "again" in the future with "zai" 再 + Verb 我 下 次 来。
Expressing "again" in the past with "you" 又 + Verb + 了 迟到
Expressing "all along" with "yuanlai" Subj. + 原来 + Predicate 原来 昨天 那个 人 是 你 啊 。
Expressing "all at once" with "yixiazi" Subj. + 一下子 + Verb + 了 天气 一下子 变 冷
Expressing "almost" using "chadian" Subj. + 差点 + Predicate 我 今天 差点儿 迟到
Expressing "already" with "dou" 都 + Time + 了 九点 ,快点 起床 !
Expressing "always" with "conglai" 从来 + 都 (是) + Predicate 从来 都 是 一个人,已经 习惯了。
Expressing "as a result" with "jieguo" Reason / Condition ,结果 + Result 他 没 好好 复习 ,结果 没 通过 考试。
Expressing "each other" with "huxiang" 互相 + Verb Phrase 互相 帮助
Expressing "enough" with "gou" Subj. + 够 + Predicate (+ 了) 我们 买 了 很 多 菜 ,
Expressing "finally" with "zhongyu" Subj. + 终于 + Predicate + 了 终于
Expressing "had better" with "haishi" 还是 + Verb 我们 还是 先 吃饭 吧。
Expressing "had better" with "zuihao" Subj. + 最好 + Predicate 最好 先 休息 一下 。
Expressing "in this way" with "zheyang" Condition ,这样 + Result / Purpose 这样 做 不 对 。
Expressing "one by one" with "yi" 一 + Measure Word + 一 + Measure Word 宝宝 天 在 长大 。
Expressing "small quantity" with "jiu" 就 + Subject + Predicate 这 件 事 我 一 个 人 知道 。
Expressing duration of inaction Duration + 没 + Verb + 了 已经 一 个 星期 洗澡
Expressing earliness with "jiu" Subj. + Time + 就 + Verb + 了 我 昨晚 八 点 半 睡觉
Expressing lateness with "cai" Subj. + Time + 才 + Verb 他 二十五 岁 上 大学 。
Sequencing with "xian" and "zai" 先⋯⋯ ,再⋯⋯ 洗 手 , 吃饭 。
Using "always" as a complaint with "laoshi" Subj. + 老 (是 ) + Verb 你 怎么 老是 加班 ?
Using "cai" for small numbers 才 + Number + Measure Word + Noun 这 个 班 两 个 学生 。
Using "ye" and "dou" together 也都 + Verb / Adj. 他们 也 都 是 法国 人 。

B2 Adverbs

Grammar Point (English) Pattern Examples
Advanced uses of "dou" Subj. + 都 + Predicate 能闻见面包的香味。
Advanced uses of "hai" Subj. + 还 + Predicate + 呢 好朋友 ,天天 说 我 坏话 。
Advanced uses of "zong" 总 + Verb Phrase 咱们 得 想 个 办法 啊。 不 能 让 他 一个人 去 吧?
Assessing situations with "kanlai" 看来 + Judgment to the Situation;在 + Person + 看来 看来他不来了,都这么晚了。
Declaring the only option with "zhihao" 只好 + Verb Phrase 上 个 周末 下雨 了 ,我们 只好 待 在 家。
Emphatic adverb "ke" 可 + Adj. (+ 了) 这 件 事情 对 他 造成 的 影响 大 了 。
Expressing "after all" with "bijing" 毕竟 别 怪 他 了 , 毕竟 他 还 小 。
Expressing "almost" using "chadian mei" Subj. + 差点没 + Verb 路 这么 滑,我 差点没 摔倒。
Expressing "anyway" with "fanzheng" 反正 随便 你 信 不 信 , 反正 我 不 信 。
Expressing "as much as possible" with "jinliang" 尽量 + Verb 我 会 尽量 想 办法 帮 你 的。
Expressing "even" with "shenzhi" 甚至 他们 贡献 出 所有 的 精力 , 甚至 最 宝贵 的 生命 。
Expressing "feel free" with "jinguan" 尽管 + Verb 有 什么 事 ,尽管 找 我 。
Expressing "have to" with "budebu" Subj. + 不得不 + Verb 老板 很 讨厌 应酬,但是 她 不得不 去。
Expressing "in the end" with "daodi" 到底 事情 到底 是 办 成 了 。
Expressing "in the end" with "jiujing" 究竟 究竟 喜 不 喜欢 我?
Expressing "just" do it with "gancui" Subj. + 干脆 + Verb Phrase 家里什么都没有,干脆出去吃吧。
Expressing "nearly" with "jihu" Subj. + 几乎 + Verb 他 的 头发 几乎 全 白 了 。
Expressing "never again" with "zai ye bu" Subj. + 再也 + 不 + Verb Phrase + 了 再也 不 想 跟 你 说话 了 。
Expressing "once" with "cengjing" Subj. + 曾经 + Verb + 过 (+ Obj.) 他 说 他 曾经 很多 傻事 。
Expressing "originally" with "benlai" 本来⋯⋯ 搬家 本来 就 很 麻烦。
Expressing "over and over again" with "zaisan" 再三 + Verb 妈妈 再三 叮嘱 我 , 要 注意 安全 。
Expressing "simply" with "jianzhi" 简直⋯⋯ 简直 要 哭 出来 了 。
Expressing "since the beginning" with "yixiang" 一向 + Verb 他 做 事情 一向 踏实 。
Expressing "to make certain" with "qianwan" 千万 + Verb/Verb Phrase 千万 别 泄露 出 去。
Expressing "while you're at it" with "shunbian" Subj. +Verb Phrase 1,顺便 + Verb Phrase 2 你 出去 的 时候顺便 帮 我 买 杯 咖啡。
Expressing a last chance with "zaibu... jiu..." 再不…… 就…… 再不 没 了 。
Expressing concern with "kongpa" 恐怕 + Subj. ⋯⋯ 恐怕 今天 做 不 完。
Expressing difficulty with "hao (bu) rongyi" 好(不)容易 好不容易 才 打通 了 银行 的 服务 热线。
Expressing wasted efforts with "bai" 白 + Verb 花 了 一 百 块 钱,这 件 衣服 不 能 穿。
Repeated actions in the past with "you" Subj. + Verb + 了 + 又 + Verb ,还 是 没 找到 他 的 钱 包。
Rhetorical questions with "nandao" 难道⋯⋯? 这 都 是 你 引起 的 , 难道 你 就 不 内疚 ?
The opposite of "chabuduo" is "cha hen duo" Subj. + 差很多 中国 文化 和 西方 文化 差 很 多

C1 Adverbs

Grammar Point (English) Pattern Examples
Advanced usages of the contrary "dao" Subject + Verb + 得 + 倒 + Adjective 你 说 得 容易,那 你来!
Emphasizing with "henshi" Subj. + 很是 + Adj. 这样做 很是 必要 。
Expressing "a full" with "zuzu" 足足 + Verb 姚明 身高 足足 有 2.26米。
Expressing "again and again" with "yizai" Subj. + 一再 + Verb 一再 跟 你 说 ,出门在外 要 小心 。
Expressing "all" with "fanshi" 凡是 + Noun 都 / 就 / 一律 + Predicate 凡是 不 听话 的 孩子 没有 糖 吃 。
Expressing "always previously" with "xianglai" Subject + 向来(都) + Verb/Verb Phrase 向来 努力,所以 我 每 一 次 考试 都 获得 满分。
Expressing "as expected" with "guoran" 果然 + Predicate 第一名 果然 是 她 !我 就 知道 。
Expressing "as if" with "sihu" Subj. + 似乎 ⋯⋯ 你 说 得 似乎 很 有道理 。
Expressing "contrary to expectations" with "pianpian" A ,Subject + 偏偏 + B 不 叫 他 去,他 偏偏 要 去。
Expressing "even so" with "zaibu... ye..." 再不…… 也…… 再不
Expressing "no exception" with "yilu" 一律 + Predicate 明天 的 部门 会议 一律 要 参加 。
Expressing "nothing but" with "wufei" 无非 + 是 + Verb / Noun 无非 是 想 要 一 台 电脑 !
Expressing "when the time comes" with "dao shihou" A, 到时候 + B 现在 不 好好 准备 考试,到时候 又 要 后悔 了。
Expressing "why" with "hebi" Subj. + 何必 + Predicate 都是 一家人 ,你们 何必 这么 客气 ?
Expressing the unexpected with "jingran" Subj. + 竟然 ⋯⋯ 我们 要 出发 的 时候,他 竟然 说 不 去 了 。


Sources